Health Library

Articles In This Section

• Your Child’s Immunizations: Chickenpox Vaccine

  Find out when and why your child needs to get this vaccine.

• Your Child’s Immunizations: Diphtheria, Tetanus & Pertussis Vaccine (DTaP)

  Find out when and why your child needs to get this vaccine.

• Your Child’s Immunizations: Hepatitis A Vaccine (HepA)

  Find out when and why your child needs to get this vaccine.

• Your Child’s Immunizations: Hepatitis B Vaccine (HepB)

  Find out when and why your child needs this vaccine.

• Your Child’s Immunizations: Hib Vaccine

  Find out when and why your child needs to get this vaccine.

• Your Child’s Immunizations: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine

  Find out when and why your child needs to get this vaccine.

• Your Child’s Immunizations: Influenza Vaccine (Flu Shot)

  Find out when and why kids need to get the flu vaccine.

• Your Child’s Immunizations: Measles, Mumps & Rubella (MMR) Vaccine

  Find out when and why your child needs to get this vaccine.

• Your Child’s Immunizations: Meningococcal Vaccines

  Find out when and why your child needs to get this vaccine.

• Your Child’s Immunizations: Pneumococcal Vaccines (PCV, PPSV)

  Find out when and why your child needs to get these vaccines.

• Your Child’s Immunizations: Polio Vaccine (IPV)

  Find out when and why your child needs to get this vaccine.

• Your Child’s Immunizations: Rotavirus Vaccine (RV)

  Find out when and why your child needs to get this vaccine.

• Can I Prevent Ear Infections When My Child Swims?

  Swimmer's ear is common in kids who spend a lot of time in the water. Here are ways to help prevent outer ear infections.

• Smallpox

  If you're wondering what smallpox is and why people sometimes worry about it, get the facts here.

• Staph Infections

  When skin is punctured or broken for any reason, staph bacteria can enter the wound and cause an infection. But good hygiene can prevent many staph infections. Learn more.

• Swimmer’s Ear (Otitis Externa)

  Swimmer's ear is an infection of the ear canal caused by many types of bacteria or fungi. Find out how to prevent it.

• Tetanus

  Tetanus (also called lockjaw) is a preventable disease that affects the muscles and nerves, usually due to a contaminated wound.

• The Danger of Antibiotic Overuse

  Taking antibiotics too often or for the wrong reason has led to a dangerous rise in bacteria that no longer respond to medicine. Find out what you can do to prevent antibiotic overuse.

• Tonsillitis

  Tonsillitis is an infection that makes tonsils swollen and red. It can cause a sore throat, fever, and trouble swallowing.

• Toxic Synovitis

  Read about this temporary inflammation of the hip joint that affects young children.

• Understanding Coronavirus (COVID-19)

  Looking for information about coronavirus (COVID-19)? Our articles and videos explain what the virus is, ways to prevent it from spreading, how to talk to kids about it, how to care for someone who is sick, and much more.

• Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)

  Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common in kids. They're easy to treat and usually clear up in a week or so.

• What Is Herd Immunity?

  Herd immunity is when many people are immune to a contagious infection, so it's harder for that infection to spread in a community. But does it have a role in the fight against COVID-19?

• PANDAS and PANS

  PANDAS and PANS cause a sudden onset of severe OCD symptoms. They also cause other sudden changes in a child's behavior. These can be so extreme that a parent may say their child seemed to "change overnight."

• Parechovirus

  Parechovirus infections usually cause no symptoms or only mild symptoms. But the virus can cause serious illness in babies and young children.

• Polio

  Polio is a contagious disease that can be prevented with vaccination.

• Powassan Virus Disease

  Powassan virus disease can spread to people through the bite of an infected tick. It’s very rare, but it’s good to know a little about it.

• Rabies

  Rabies is a serious infection of the nervous system that is caused by a virus. Rabies is usually transmitted by a bite from an infected animal.

• Retropharyngeal Abscess

  Retropharyngeal abscesses form behind the back wall of the throat, and are uncommon in children.

• Reye Syndrome

  Reye syndrome is an extremely rare but serious illness. Cases have dropped greatly since the finding of a link between the illness and aspirin use in kids and teens.

• Shingles

  Shingles isn't very common in kids - it mostly affects older people. Find out what causes shingles, symptoms to watch for, and what to do if your child has it.

• Infant Botulism

  Infant botulism can happen if a baby ingests bacteria that make toxins inside the body. Treatment can help a baby who gets it recover fully.

• Listeria Infections

  Listeria infection (Listeriosis) is a type of food poisoning. It happens because someone ate or drank something with the bacteria in it. Here's how to protect your family.

• MRSA

  MRSA is a type of bacteria that the usual antibiotics can't tackle anymore. Simple precautions can help protect your kids from becoming infected.

• Middle Ear Infections (Otitis Media)

  Ear infections are common among kids and, often, painful. Find out what causes them and how they're treated.

• Mononucleosis (Mono)

  Mononucleosis (mono) is an infection that causes flu-like symptoms. It usually goes away on its own in a few weeks with the help of plenty of fluids and rest.

• Mpox (Monkeypox)

  Cases of mpox have been reported in areas that don't usually see infections with the virus. Here are the basics on it.

• Mumps

  Mumps is a viral infection that causes telltale swelling and pain in the salivary glands. With the help of the mumps vaccine, it's preventable.

• Hepatitis

  Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver. Most cases are caused by a virus — either hepatitis A, hepatitis B, or hepatitis C — all of which can be passed to others by someone who is infected.

• Hepatitis A

  Hepatitis A is a contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). The hepatitis A vaccine has helped to make the infection rare in the United States.

• Hepatitis B

  Hepatitis B virus (HBV) spreads from person to person through blood or other body fluids. A vaccine is approved for people of all ages to prevent HBV infection.

• Hepatitis C

  The hepatitis C virus (HCV) spreads through blood or other body fluids, and can lead to cirrhosis or liver cancer. The most common way people become infected is by sharing drug paraphernalia.

• Hib Disease (Haemophilus Influenzae Type b)

  Hib disease can cause serious illnesses like meningitis and pneumonia. To protect kids from this bacterial infection, they should receive the Hib vaccine as infants.

• Coronavirus (COVID-19): Social Distancing With Children

  We're still finding out about COVID-19, but we know a lot. One thing we've learned is that social distancing is an important way to help prevent the virus from spreading.

• Coronavirus (COVID-19): Sports & Activities

  As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, it’s important to know how to protect active kids and young athletes.

• Coronavirus (COVID-19): Staying Safe in School During the Pandemic

  Experts recommend that kids go back to in-person school this year, as long as safety measures are followed.

• Coronavirus (COVID-19): Understanding the COVID-19 Vaccine

  Getting vaccinated against COVID-19 is the best way to prevent the spread of the virus and protect families from serious illness. Watch this video to learn about how the vaccines work.

• Coronavirus (COVID-19): Viral Testing

  People might want to get tested for coronavirus for different reasons. Here is what viral testing involves.

• Coronavirus (COVID-19): What Are Variants?

  As the COVID-19 pandemic goes on, we’re hearing about “variants” of the virus that are different from the original one that started the pandemic. But what is a variant?

• Coronavirus (COVID-19): What Do Quarantine and Isolation Mean?

  Some people with COVID-19 might need to stay home and away from others for a set time. This is known as isolation or quarantine. Find out what this means.

• Coronavirus (COVID-19): What to Do if Your Child Is Sick

  There's still much to learn about COVID-19. Still, parents wonder what to do if their child gets sick during the pandemic. Here's what doctors say to do if your child has coronavirus symptoms.

• Coxsackievirus Infections

  Coxsackievirus infections can spread from person to person. In most cases, the viruses cause mild flu-like symptoms, but can lead to more serious infections.

• Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

  This virus poses few risks to healthy kids, but can cause serious health problems in unborn babies and kids with a weak immune system.

• E. Coli Infections: Diarrhea

  Undercooked burgers and unwashed produce are among the foods that can harbor E. coli bacteria and lead to infection marked by severe diarrhea. Here's how to protect your family.

• Ebola

  When people with Ebola are correctly diagnosed, isolated, and cared for, the risk of passing the disease to others is low.

• Encephalitis

  Encephalitis is a rare brain inflammation caused by a virus. The best way to avoid encephalitis is to prevent the illnesses that may lead to it.

• Coronavirus (COVID-19)

  The coronavirus (COVID-19) is making people sick with flu-like symptoms. Read this article to learn how to protect your family, and to know when to call your doctor.

• Coronavirus (COVID-19) Tests: Which One Is Best?

  Two kinds of tests can see if someone is infected with coronavirus: molecular tests (such as PCR) and antigen tests. Find out how they differ and which might be best for you or your family.

• Coronavirus (COVID-19): Antibody Testing

  Antibody testing for coronavirus (COVID-19) involves taking a small blood sample to check for antibodies that the body may have made to fight the virus.

• Coronavirus (COVID-19): Booster Shots

  The immune protection from the COVID-19 vaccine can fade over time. Booster shots are recommended for everyone age 6 months and older. Here's why.

• Coronavirus (COVID-19): Enjoying Holidays, Celebrations, and Gatherings Safely

  Events and holidays are different as the COVID-19 pandemic continues. Here are some ways to enjoy them safely.

• Coronavirus (COVID-19): Getting Tested

  As coronavirus spreads in communities, parents might wonder if their family should get tested. Here's how health care providers test for it.

• Coronavirus (COVID-19): Home Care & Precautions

  Anyone who is sick — even if they don't know for sure they have coronavirus (COVID-19) — should stay home unless they need medical care. This helps prevent the illness from spreading to others.

• Coronavirus (COVID-19): How Wearing a Mask Helps Protect Against Infection

  Wearing masks or cloth face coverings in public is an important way to help slow the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19).

• Coronavirus (COVID-19): How to Isolate at Home

  Someone with a positive coronavirus test is infected and is contagious. They will need to stay home to prevent the virus from spreading to others. Here's how to isolate at home.

• Coronavirus (COVID-19): How to Talk to Your Child

  Your kids are hearing about coronavirus (COVID-19). To make sure they get reliable information, here's how to talk about it.

• Coronavirus (COVID-19): Kids & Medical Care During the Pandemic

  Kids should see their doctors for well-child visits and other care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Here's what parents should know.

• Coronavirus (COVID-19): Kids and Masks

  Wearing masks helps to slow the spread of COVID-19. Some toddlers and young children may feel uneasy about masks. Here's how to reassure your child.

• Coronavirus (COVID-19): Questions & Answers About Vaccines

  As COVID-19 vaccines become available, here are some questions many parents have.

• Walking Pneumonia

  Many kids with this milder version of pneumonia feel well enough to go to school. But it's important to keep kids home until after treatment kicks in and symptoms improve.

• Whooping Cough (Pertussis)

  Pertussis causes severe coughing spells that end in a whooping sound when the person breathes in. It can be prevented with the pertussis vaccine, part of the DTaP immunization.

• A to Z: Cat Scratch Disease

  Cat scratch disease is an infection caused by the bacterium Bartonella henselae. It comes from a scratch or bite of an infected cat, usually a kitten.

• A to Z: Otitis Media (Ear Infection)

  Learn more about otitis media, an infection of the middle ear.

• Babesiosis

  Babesiosis is a rare illness that happens when tiny parasites infect red blood cells, usually after a bite from an infected tick.

• COVID-19 Vaccines for Children Ages 6 Months to 5 Years

  Children 6 months old to 5 years old now can get vaccinated against COVID-19. Here's what parents should know.

• Cat Scratch Disease

  Cat scratch disease is an infection that causes swelling of the lymph nodes after a cat scratch or bite. Learn about signs and symptoms, prevention, treatment, and more.

• Styes

  A stye is a backed-up oil gland in the eyelid. Styes are usually easy to get rid of.

• Adenovirus

  Adenoviruses can infect the lining of the eyes, airways and lungs, intestines, urinary tract, and nervous system. They're common causes of fever, coughs, sore throats, diarrhea, and pinkeye.

• Bronchiolitis

  Bronchiolitis is a common illness of the respiratory tract caused by an infection that affects tiny airways. The best treatment for most kids with bronchiolitis is time to recover and plenty of fluids.

• Croup

  Croup often causes kids to have a loud cough that sounds like a seal barking. Most cases of croup are caused by viruses, are mild, and can be treated at home.

• Diphtheria

  Diphtheria is a bacterial infection that's rare in the United States, where health officials immunize kids against it. But it's still common in developing countries where immunizations aren't given routinely.

• Meningitis

  Meningitis is treatable, but can be serious. So it's important to know the symptoms, and get medical care right away if you think that your child has the illness.

• Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

  Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of respiratory illness in young children. Learn how to recognize the signs and symptoms of this contagious infection.

• Sinusitis (Sinus Infection)

  Sinus infections, or sinusitis, are common and easily treated.

• Strep Throat

  Strep throat is a common cause of sore throat in kids and teens. It usually requires treatment with antibiotics, but improves in a few days.

• The Flu (Influenza)

  Flu symptoms tend to come on quickly and are worse than the sneezing and stuffiness of a cold. The flu is very contagious. Find out what to do in this article for parents.

• Tuberculosis

  Tuberculosis (TB) is making a comeback in the United States today. Find out who's at risk, what to watch for, and how doctors treat TB.

• Typhoid Fever

  While typhoid fever isn't common in the U.S., it can be a health threat elsewhere. Learn about this illness and how to prevent it.

• Yersiniosis

  Yersiniosis is an uncommon infection caused by the consumption of undercooked meat products, unpasteurized milk, or water contaminated by the bacteria.

• Amebiasis

  Amebiasis is an intestinal illness transmitted when someone eats or drinks something that's contaminated with a microscopic parasite.

• Bedbugs

  Bedbugs have people on high alert, checking mattresses and furniture for telltale signs of these irritating, hard-to-control pests. Here's what to look for and how to deal with them.

• Chigger Bites

  Chiggers are tiny red mites whose bites aren't painful but do cause intense itching. Home care can help the itchiness.

• Head Lice

  Lice aren't dangerous and they don't spread disease, but they are contagious, annoying, and sometimes hard to get rid of. Learn more about this common childhood problem and how to get rid of those pesky little bugs.

• Malaria

  Malaria can cause mild illness in some people and life-threatening illness in others. Proper treatment can cure malaria.

• Toxocariasis

  Toxocara are common parasites of dogs and cats. When they infect humans, the illness is called toxocariasis.

• Toxoplasmosis

  Toxoplasmosis is an infection that passes from animals to humans, sometimes without causing any symptoms. Learn more about this infection in this article for parents.

• Zika Virus

  Zika is a virus that a person can catch if bitten by an infected mosquito. Outbreaks of the virus have happened throughout the world, particularly in tropical areas where certain types of mosquitoes live.

• When Is an Illness Contagious?

  How do you know when a child's illness is in the contagious stage? Find out here.

• Who Should Get the Flu Vaccine?

  The flu vaccine is a good idea for all families. It does not cause the flu, and it helps keep kids and parents from getting sick.

• Appendicitis In Kids and Teens

  Appendicitis requires immediate medical attention, so it's important to know its symptoms. The earlier it's caught, the easier it is to treat.

• Ascariasis

  Ascariasis is an intestinal infection that occurs when the eggs of a parasitic roundworm are ingested. Read about signs and symptoms, treatment, and tips for prevention.

• Campylobacter Infections

  These bacterial infections can cause diarrhea, cramping, belly pain, and fever. Good hand-washing and food safety habits can help prevent them.

• Cholera

  While cholera isn't common in the U.S., it can be a health threat elsewhere. Learn about cholera and how to prevent it.

• Dengue Fever

  You're not at risk of this illness in the U.S., but if you live in or are traveling to a tropical country it's wise to take precautions against this virus.

• Food Poisoning

  Sometimes, germs can get into food and cause food poisoning. Find out what to do if your child gets food poisoning - and how to prevent it.

• Gastroenteritis (Stomach Flu)

  Gastroenteritis is an infection that causes nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and belly cramps. It's often called the stomach flu, and is a common illness.

• Giardiasis

  Giardiasis, a top cause of diarrhea, is an intestinal illness caused by a tiny parasite. Infections pass easily from person to person.

• Helicobacter pylori

  H. pylori bacteria can cause digestive illnesses, including gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.

• Norovirus

  Norovirus is a virus that causes diarrhea and vomiting. Most norovirus infections get better on their own with home care.

• Pinworm Infections

  Pinworm is an intestinal infection caused by tiny parasitic worms. But pinworms don't cause any harm (just itching), and it won't take long to get rid of them.

• Rotavirus

  Rotavirus infection affects most kids and is one of the most common causes of diarrhea. A vaccine to prevent it is now recommended for all kids.

• Salmonella Infections

  Salmonella infections can cause diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, belly cramps, fever, and headache.

• Shigella Infections (Shigellosis)

  Shigella are bacteria that can infect the digestive tract and cause a wide range of symptoms, from diarrhea, cramping, vomiting, and nausea, to more serious problems and illnesses.

• Toxic Shock Syndrome

  Toxic shock syndrome is a serious but uncommon bacterial infection. TSS is a medical emergency - symptoms include sudden high fever, a faint feeling, diarrhea, headache, and muscle aches.

• Vitiligo

  While vitiligo might make kids self-conscious, this skin condition is not medically dangerous. Kids with vitiligo are as healthy as other kids.

• Warts

  Many of us have had a wart somewhere on our bodies at some time. But other than being a nuisance, most warts are harmless.

• Colds

  Colds are the most common infectious disease in the United States - and the top reason kids visit the doctor and miss school.

• Enterovirus Infections

  Enteroviruses are a common cause of infection in people of all ages, with symptoms that can range from mild to serious.

• Too Late for the Flu Vaccine?

  It's best to get the flu vaccine early in flu season, so the body can make antibodies that protect it from the flu. But getting it later is better than not getting it at all.

• What Should I Do if I Can’t Find Cold & Flu Medicines for My Child?

  Many stores and pharmacies are struggling to keep children’s cold and flu medicines in stock. Here are some ways parents can handle the current shortage.

• Impetigo

  Impetigo is a contagious skin infection that causes blisters or sores on the face, neck, hands, and diaper area. Learn how this common problem is treated and what can help prevent it.

• Measles

  Measles is best known for the skin rash it causes. Although rare, outbreaks can happen. Getting your kids fully vaccinated is the best way to protect them from this disease.

• Molluscum Contagiosum

  Molluscum contagiosum is a common viral skin infection. For most children, the rash isn't a big deal and goes away on its own over time.

• Paronychia

  Paronychia is an infection of the skin around a fingernail or toenail. Most of the time, it's not serious and can be treated at home. Learn what causes it, what to do, and how to prevent it.

• Pilonidal Cyst

  A pilonidal cyst is a fluid-filled sac under the skin in the lower back, near the crease of the buttocks.

• Pityriasis Rosea

  This harmless rash often forms a telltale "Christmas tree" pattern on the back that makes it easy to identify.

• Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

  Rocky Mountain spotted fever is an infection spread by ticks. Find out more about it - including how to prevent it.

• Roseola

  Roseola is a viral illness that can affect kids between 6 months and 3 years old. Learn its signs and symptoms when to call the doctor.

• Rubella (German Measles)

  Rubella infection, or German measles, usually is a mild disease in kids that can be prevented with vaccination. Its primary medical danger is to pregnant women because it can affect developing babies.

• Scabies

  Scabies is an infestation that affects the skin, and is caused by a mite that burrows into the top layer of skin. It causes itching and bumps or blisters.

• Scarlet Fever

  Scarlet fever is an illness caused by a strep infection. It causes a red, bumpy rash that spreads over most of the body, and is treated with antibiotics.

• Skin Abscesses

  An abscess is a sign of an infection, usually on the skin. Find out what to do if your child develops one.

• Syphilis

  Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease (STD). Early treatment can cure it and prevent long-term problems.

• Trichomoniasis

  Trichomoniasis (or "trich") is a sexually transmitted disease. Many people with trich have no symptoms, so they can spread it to others without knowing it.

• Cellulitis

  Cellulitis is an infection of the skin and underlying tissues that can affect any area of the body. It begins in an area of broken skin, like a cut or scratch.

• Chickenpox

  Chickenpox used to be common in kids, causing a very itchy red rash all over the body. But the good news is that a vaccine can prevent most cases.

• Cold Sores

  Cold sores are small and painful blisters that appear around the mouth, face, or nose. They're very common and, while uncomfortable, usually go away on their own.

• Cradle Cap (Seborrheic Dermatitis) in Infants

  This harmless condition - the infant form of dandruff - causes rough, scaly patches on a baby's skin.

• Dandruff

  Got flakes? Most cases of dandruff don't require a visit to a doctor's office. Treat them at home with special, over-the-counter dandruff shampoos.

• Erythema Multiforme

  By the looks of the "bulls-eye" marks this rash leaves on the skin, you might think it's cause for concern. But erythema multiforme clears up on its own within a few weeks.

• Fifth Disease

  Fifth disease is a viral illness that causes a red rash on the face, body, arms, and legs. It's especially common in kids ages of 5 to 15.

• Group A Strep Infections

  Group A strep (GAS) bacteria usually live harmlessly on the skin and in the nose and throat. Sometimes they cause mild skin or throat infections, but can cause more serious infections or problems in other parts of the body.

• Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease

  Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFM) is a common viral infection that causes painful red blisters in the mouth and throat, and on the hands, feet, and diaper area.

• Basic Blood Chemistry Tests

  Doctors order basic blood chemistry tests to assess a wide range of conditions and the function of organs.

• Blood Culture

  A blood culture is a test that looks for germs (such as bacteria or fungi) in the blood.

• Blood Test: Complete Blood Count

  The complete blood count (CBC) is the most common blood test. It analyzes red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

• Getting a Urine Test

  Testing a urine sample can help doctors find out what's going on when someone has an infection or other problem in kidneys, bladder, or other parts of the urinary tract. Here's how urine tests are done.

• Stool Tests

  Your child's doctor may order a stool collection test to check for blood, bacteria, ova, or parasites. Find out how this test is performed and when you can expect the results.

• Strep Test: Throat Culture

  Is your child having a strep test or a throat culture? Find out how these swab tests are done.

• Urine Tests

  Is your child having a urine culture or urinalysis performed? Find out why urine tests are done and what to expect when a doctor orders one.