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Parents
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- A to Z
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A to Z Symptom: Abdominal Pain
Abdominal pain is common and, most of the time, doesn't have a serious cause.
A to Z: Abnormality of Gait (Gait Abnormality)
Abnormality of gait (or gait abnormality) is an unusual walking pattern or style.
A to Z: Abrasion
An abrasion is a minor scrape of the skin that can be treated easily with proper cleaning and care.
A to Z: Abscess
An abscess is a collection of pus that forms as part of the body's response to an infection.
A to Z: Abscess, Dental
See: Abscess, Periapical.
A to Z: Abscess, Periapical
A periapical abscess is a collection of infected material (pus) that forms at the tip of the root of a tooth.
A to Z: Abscess, Skin
A skin abscess forms when bacteria get under the skin.
A to Z: Abuse, Physical
Physical abuse can be any kind of hitting, shaking, burning, pinching, biting, choking, throwing, beating, and other actions that cause physical injury, leave marks, or cause pain.
A to Z: Abuse, Psychological
Psychological abuse happens when yelling and anger go too far or when people caring for kids constantly criticize, threaten, or dismiss them until their feelings of self-worth are damaged.
A to Z: Abuse, Sexual
Sexual abuse is sexual contact with a child or any behavior that is meant to sexually arouse the abuser.
A to Z: Abuse, Substance
Substance abuse is when someone drinks alcohol or smokes or takes drugs in a way that could lead to health, legal, and other problems.
A to Z: Acanthosis Nigricans
Acanthosis nigricans is a condition in which the skin thickens and darkens in places.
A to Z: Achondroplasia
Achondroplasia is a genetic disorder that interferes with bone growth and causes dwarfism (short stature).
A to Z: Acne, Infant
Infant acne is common in babies, and usually goes away on its own without treatment or scarring.
A to Z: Acute Febrile Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome (MCLS)
See: Kawasaki Disease.
A to Z: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)
Learn about different types of leukemia and cancers that affect the blood and bone marrow.
A to Z: Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)
Learn about different types of leukemia and cancers that affect the blood and bone marrow.
A to Z: Adenovirus
Adenoviruses are a group of viruses that can infect the membranes (tissue linings) of the respiratory tract, eyes, intestines, and urinary tract. They are common among infants and young children.
A to Z: Adrenal Insufficiency
Adrenal insufficiency is a condition that happens when the adrenal glands do not work properly.
A to Z: Adynamic Ileus
Learn about intestinal blockages and conditions that affect the digestive tract.
A to Z: Alcohol Abuse
Learn about alcohol abuse and consequences of excessive drinking.
A to Z: Allergy
With allergies, the immune system overreacts and tries to "fight" allergens, which are ordinary things that cause an allergic reaction.
A to Z: Allergy, Drug
Normally medicines help us treat disease, but in people with drug allergies, taking certain medicines can cause the immune system to react and harm the body.
A to Z: Alopecia Areata
Alopecia areata is a condition that causes hair loss on the scalp and sometimes elsewhere on the body.
A to Z: Alpha Thalassemia
Learn about genetic disorders and diseases and conditions that affect the blood.
A to Z: Amebiasis
Amebiasis is an intestinal illness. People get it after eating, drinking, or touching something that's contaminated with a tiny parasite called Entamoeba histolytica.
A to Z: Amenorrhea
Amenorrhea is when a girl is not getting her period.
A to Z: Amenorrhea, Primary
Primary amenorrhea is when a girl does not start her period by age 15 or 3 years after she begins puberty.
A to Z: Amenorrhea, Secondary
Secondary amenorrhea is when a girl who had been getting her period stops menstruating for more than 6 months or for more than three of her usual cycles.
A to Z: Anal Fissure
An anal fissure is a cut or tear in the lining of the anus.
A to Z: Anaphylaxis
Anaphylaxis is a sudden, life-threatening reaction that is usually caused by an allergy.
A to Z: Anemia
Learn about anemia, a common blood disorder that happens when the level of healthy red blood cells in the body becomes too low.
A to Z: Anorexia Nervosa
Learn about anorexia nervosa, a type of eating disorder.
A to Z: Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Injuries
Learn more about ACL injuries and how they're treated.
A to Z: Appendicitis
Appendicitis is an inflammation of the appendix, and requires surgery.
A to Z: Apthous Ulcers (Canker Sores)
Apthous ulcers, or canker sores, are non-contagious small ulcers that can occur inside the mouth, often causing discomfort during eating or talking.
A to Z: Arrhythmia
An arrhythmia is an abnormal heart rhythm usually caused by an electrical "short circuit" in the heart.
A to Z: Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)
In this condition, an abnormal connection between arteries and veins causes blood to flow too quickly, leading to a risk of bleeding. Learn more here.
A to Z: Arteritis
Learn about conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels.
A to Z: Arthrogryposis
Learn about congenital conditions and conditions that affect the muscles and joints in newborn babies.
A to Z: Arthropathy
Learn about conditions that affect the joints, complications of diabetes, and complications of nervous system damage.
A to Z: Asthma
Asthma is a lung condition that causes difficulty breathing.
A to Z: Asthma, Attack
Learn more about asthma attacks, when asthma symptoms suddenly become severe.
A to Z: Asthma, Cough Variant
People with this type of asthma have a cough but no wheezing. Learn more about it here.
A to Z: Astrocytoma
This type of brain tumor involves star-shaped cells of the brain that grow out of control. Learn about it here.
A to Z: Ataxia Telangiectasia
Learn about this genetic disorder that can weaken the immune system and cause gradual worsening of balance, coordination, and speech.
A to Z: Ataxia, Cerebellar
See: Cerebellar Ataxia.
A to Z: Atopic Dermatitis
See: Eczema.
A to Z: Atresia
Learn about congenital defects and conditions that affect vessels, valves, and passages in the heart and other organs.
A to Z: Atresia, Anal
Learn about congenital defects and conditions that affect vessels, valves, and passages in the heart and other organs.
A to Z: Atresia, Aortic
Learn about congenital defects and conditions that affect vessels, valves, and passages in the heart and other organs.
A to Z: Atresia, Biliary
Learn about congenital defects and conditions that affect vessels, valves, and passages in the heart and other organs.
A to Z: Atresia, Choanal
Learn about congenital defects and conditions that affect vessels, valves, and passages in the heart and other organs.
A to Z: Atresia, Esophageal
Learn about congenital defects and conditions that affect vessels, valves, and passages in the heart and other organs.
A to Z: Atresia, Pulmonary
Learn about congenital defects and conditions that affect vessels, valves, and passages in the heart and other organs.
A to Z: Atresia, Tricuspid
Learn about congenital defects and conditions that affect vessels, valves, and passages in the heart and other organs.
A to Z: Atrial Flutter
Atrial flutter is an abnormal heart rhythm that causes the heart to beat too fast.
A to Z: Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
Learn about congenital heart defects and conditions that affect the heart and circulatory system.
A to Z: Atrioventricular Septal Defect
Learn about congenital heart defects and conditions that affect newborn babies.
A to Z: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Learn about behavioral disorders and conditions that affect children's moods, activities, and interactions.
A to Z: Autism
Learn about developmental disorders and conditions that affect children's moods, activities, and interactions.
A to Z: Aortic Stenosis
In aortic stenosis, the aortic valve is narrower than it's supposed to be and can't open all the way.
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A to Z Symptom: Back Pain
Back pain is fairly common, and is often due to muscle strain or sprain. In students, wearing a heavy backpack is a common cause.
A to Z: Babesiosis
Learn about parasitic infections, tickborne illnesses, and conditions that affect the bloodstream and red blood cells.
A to Z: Bacterial Vaginosis
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is an infection in the vagina.
A to Z: Balanitis
Learn about conditions that affect the penis and foreskin.
A to Z: Balanoposthitis
Learn more about this inflammation of the foreskin and head of the penis.
A to Z: Barrett's Esophagus
Learn about complications of acid reflux and conditions that affect the esophagus and upper gastrointestinal tract.
A to Z: Bell's Palsy
Learn about complications of viral infections and conditions that can affect the face and nervous system.
A to Z: Benign Joint Hypermobility Syndrome
Learn about inherited disorders and conditions that can affect the joints and connective tissues.
A to Z: Beriberi
Learn about complications of poor nutrition and conditions that can affect the cardiovascular and nervous systems.
A to Z: Beta Thalassemia
Learn about genetic disorders and diseases and conditions that affect the blood.
A to Z: Biceps Tendonitis
Learn more about biceps tendonitis and how it's treated.
A to Z: Bipolar Disorder
Learn about depressive disorders, mental illnesses, and conditions that affect moods and the brain.
A to Z: Blepharitis
Learn about the causes of eye irritation and conditions that can affect the eyes and eyelids.
A to Z: Blisters
After a burn or excessive pressure to the skin, a fluid-filled pocket in the skin can form and cause pain and irritation. Learn more here.
A to Z: Blood in Stool
Blood in the stool means the presence of blood in a bowel movement.
A to Z: Blood in Urine
See: Hematuria (Blood in Urine).
A to Z: Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)
Learn about mental health disorders and causes of low self-esteem and negative thoughts about body image.
A to Z: Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)
Learn about personality disorders and complications of mental illness.
A to Z: Botulism
Learn about bacterial infections, foodborne illnesses, and conditions that affect the nervous system.
A to Z: Botulism, Foodborne
Learn about bacterial infections, foodborne illnesses, and conditions that affect the nervous system.
A to Z: Botulism, Infant
Learn about bacterial infections, foodborne illnesses, and conditions that affect the nervous system.
A to Z: Botulism, Wound
Learn about bacterial infections, foodborne illnesses, and conditions that affect the nervous system.
A to Z: Breast Mass/Fibroadenoma
Learn more about this type of noncancerous tumor, common in women ages 15-35.
A to Z: Bronchiectasis
Learn about causes of breathing difficulties and conditions that can affect the lungs and bronchi.
A to Z: Bronchiectasis, Acquired
See: Bronchiectasis.
A to Z: Bronchiectasis, Congenital
See: Bronchiectasis.
A to Z: Bronchiolitis
Bronchiolitis is a common illness of the respiratory tract caused by an infection that affects the bronchioles, tiny airways that lead to the lungs.
A to Z: Bronchitis
Bronchitis (say: bron-kye-tis) is an inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes, the airways that connect the trachea (windpipe) to the lungs.
A to Z: Bruxism
Bruxism is the medical term for grinding the teeth or clenching the jaws.
A to Z: Bulimia
Learn about eating disorders and complications of negative thoughts about eating, food, and body image.
A to Z: Bullous Myringitis
Learn about bullous myringitis, an infection of the tympanic membrane (eardrum).
A to Z: Burn, First-Degree
A first-degree burn is a minor burn that only affects the top layer of skin, or epidermis. It is the mildest of the three types of burns (first-degree, second-degree, and third-degree).
A to Z: Burn, Second-Degree
A second-degree burn affects the top two layers of skin (the epidermis and dermis). It is more serious than a first-degree burn.
A to Z: Burn, Third-Degree
Third-degree burns, or full-thickness burns, are the most serious type of burn. They involve all the layers of the skin and underlying tissue and can cause permanent damage.
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A to Z Symptom: Chest Pain
Most causes of chest pain in kids and teens are not serious and will clear up with minimal or no treatment.
A to Z Symptom: Cough
Coughing is a symptom, not a disease, and sometimes can help clear the airway.
A to Z Symptom: Crying (Babies)
Babies use crying to communicate, and during the first 3 months of life, they cry a lot. Knowing what to expect can help parents and caregivers manage.
A to Z Symptoms: Chronic Pain
A to Z Symptoms: Chronic Pain
A to Z: Calcaneal Apophysitis
See: Sever Disease.
A to Z: Candidiasis
Candidiasis is an overgrowth of a type of yeast, and commonly causes infections in the mouth, vagina, and skin.
A to Z: Canker Sores
See Apthous Ulcers (Canker Sores).
A to Z: Cardiac Arrest
With this medical emergency, the heart suddenly stops beating and prevents oxygen from getting to the body. Read more about it here.
A to Z: Cardiomegaly
Diseases can put added strain on the heart. As it enlarges to pump more blood to the body, the heart muscle weakens and does not work well in this condition. Read more here.
A to Z: Cardiomyopathy
Learn about cardiomyopathy, a disease in which the heart muscle becomes weak and enlarged, making it difficult to pump blood through the body.
A to Z: Cat Scratch Disease
Cat scratch disease is an infection caused by the bacterium Bartonella henselae. It comes from a scratch or bite of an infected cat, usually a kitten.
A to Z: Cellulitis
Learn more about cellulitis, an infection of the skin and underlying tissues.
A to Z: Cellulitis, Orbital
Learn about orbital cellulitis, a dangerous infection affecting the eye and its surrounding tissue and skin.
A to Z: Central Line Infection
A central line — a tube surgically placed into a blood vessel — can be a convenient way to receive medicine through a vein over a long period of time, but it carries the risk of infection.
A to Z: Central Sleep Apnea
Learn more about this condition, in which abnormal brain signals cause a person's breathing to stop and start repeatedly during sleep.
A to Z: Cerebellar Ataxia
Learn about cerebellar ataxia, the loss of muscle coordination caused by disease or injury to the cerebellum.
A to Z: Cerebral Palsy, Infantile
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a brain disorder that affects muscle tone and motor skills (the ability to coordinate body movements).
A to Z: Cervicalgia
Learn about causes of neck pain and conditions that can affect the cervical spine.
A to Z: Chalazion
A chalazion is a lump on the inner side of the eyelid. It occurs when one of the small oil glands becomes blocked.
A to Z: Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease
Learn about neurological disorders and conditions that affect the arms and legs.
A to Z: Cholangitis
Learn more about infections and problems of the liver and biliary tract.
A to Z: Cholelithiasis (Gallstones)
Learn about cholelithiasis, the presence of gallstones (hard, pebble-like objects made of bile).
A to Z: Chondrodystrophy
Learn about genetic disorders and conditions that affect growth and development.
A to Z: Cleft Lip, Bilateral
Learn about bilateral cleft lip, a common birth defect in which a baby's lip doesn't form properly, resulting in splits (clefts) on both sides of the lip.
A to Z: Cleft Lip, Unilateral
Learn about unilateral cleft lip, a common birth defect in which a baby's lip doesn't form properly, resulting in a split (cleft) on one side of the lip.
A to Z: Cleft Palate With Cleft Lip, Bilateral
A cleft palate with a bilateral cleft lip is a common birth defect in which a baby's lip and palate (roof of mouth) don't form properly. As a result there is a split or opening (cleft) on both sides of the lip that can extend all the way from the nose to the back of the palate.
A to Z: Cleft Palate With Cleft Lip, Unilateral
A cleft palate with a unilateral cleft lip is a common birth defect in which a baby's lip and palate (roof of mouth) don't form properly. As a result there is a split or opening (cleft) on one side of the lip that can extend all the way from the nose to the back of the palate.
A to Z: Clubfoot
Clubfoot is a birth defect that causes one or both of a baby's feet to turn inward and downward, giving the foot or feet a club-like appearance.
A to Z: Coarctation of the Aorta (COA)
Learn about coarctation of the aorta, a treatable congenital heart defect in which a person's aorta is narrowed at some point.
A to Z: Colic
Colic is defined as crying for more than 3 hours a day, for more than 3 days a week, for at least 3 weeks.
A to Z: Colitis
Learn about inflammatory disorders and conditions that affect the intestines and digestive system.
A to Z: Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID)
Learn about this common disorder that lowers the amount of antibodies a person's body can make and limits the ability to fight infections.
A to Z: Complete Transposition of the Great Vessels
In this condition that starts in the womb, reversed connections of the aorta and pulmonary artery prevent the blood from getting oxygen. Learn more here.
A to Z: Compression of the Brain
It is important to carefully monitor and treat this potential complication of head injuries and diseases affecting the brain. Read about it here.
A to Z: Concussion
A concussion is a brain injury that causes temporary changes in the way the brain works. It's usually a result of impact or a blow to the head.
A to Z: Congenital Anomaly
Sometimes babies are born with anomalies - one or more parts of the body that are different from normal in size, shape, or functioning. Learn more here.
A to Z: Congestive Heart Failure
In this condition, which can affect a child's breathing, activity, and growth, the heart is unable to pump blood efficiently and meet the needs of the body.
A to Z: Conjunctivitis (Pinkeye)
Conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, the tissue covering the white part of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelid.
A to Z: Constipation
Constipation -- having fewer and harder bowel movements (poops) than usual -- is rarely due to a serious condition.
A to Z: Contracture of Tendon Sheath
Contracture of tendon sheath is a rare condition where the protective sheath surrounding a tendon tightens and grows thicker, which can limit movement in an affected joint.
A to Z: Contusion (Bruise), Abdomen
Learn more about contusions (bruises) of the abdomen.
A to Z: Contusion (Bruise), Ankle
Learn more about ankle contusions (bruises).
A to Z: Contusion (Bruise), Back
Learn more about contusions (bruises) of the back.
A to Z: Contusion (Bruise), Buttocks
Learn more about contusions (bruises) of the buttocks.
A to Z: Contusion (Bruise), Chest
Learn more about contusions (bruises) of the chest.
A to Z: Contusion (Bruise), Elbow
Learn more about elbow contusions (bruises).
A to Z: Contusion (Bruise), Eye
Learn more about black eyes and contusions (bruises) of the eye.
A to Z: Contusion (Bruise), Eyelid
Learn more about black eyes and eyelid contusions in children.
A to Z: Contusion (Bruise), Face, Scalp, & Neck
Learn about contusions (bruises) of the face, scalp, and neck.
A to Z: Contusion (Bruise), Finger
Learn more about contusions (bruises) of the finger.
A to Z: Contusion (Bruise), Forearm
Learn more about contusions (bruises) of the forearm.
A to Z: Contusion (Bruise), Hand
Learn more about contusions (bruises) of the hand.
A to Z: Contusion (Bruise), Hip
Learn more about contusions (bruises) of the hip.
A to Z: Contusion (Bruise), Knee
Learn more about contusions (bruises) of the knee.
A to Z: Contusion (Bruise), Lower Leg
Learn more about contusions (bruises) of the lower leg.
A to Z: Contusion (Bruise), Shoulder
Learn more about contusions (bruises) of the shoulder.
A to Z: Coronavirus
This common viral infection can affect the respiratory tract. Almost everyone has had it at some point in their life. Learn about coronavirus here.
A to Z: Costochondritis
Costochondritis is an inflammation of the cartilage that attaches a rib to the breastbone (sternum).
A to Z: Coxa Valga
A to Z: Coxa Valga
A to Z: Coxsackievirus
Learn about coxsackieviruses, part of the enterovirus family of viruses that live in the human digestive tract.
A to Z: Craniopharyngioma
Learn about craniopharyngioma, a treatable type of brain tumor that can affect a person's vision, growth, and development.
A to Z: Crohn's Disease
Crohn's disease causes problems in the intestine (bowel) that can prevent the bowel from digesting food well.
A to Z: Croup
Croup is a viral infection that causes an inflammation of the upper airways — the voice box (larynx) and windpipe (trachea).
A to Z: Cryptorchidism
Cryptorchidism is a condition in which one or both of a boy's testicles (testes) have not moved into their proper place in the scrotum.
A to Z: Cyst, Cerebral
A cerebral cyst is a sac filled with fluid, and sometimes other materials, that develops in or around the brain.
A to Z: Cyst, Meibomian
A meibomian cyst, or chalazion, is a lump on the inner side of the eyelid. It occurs when one of the small oil glands becomes blocked.
A to Z: Cyst, Ovarian
Learn about complications of ovulation and conditions that affect the female reproductive system.
A to Z: Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
Learn about cystic fibrosis, an inherited disease primarily affecting the lungs and digestive system.
A to Z: Cystitis
Learn about cystitis (inflammation of the bladder, commonly called a bladder infection). It is the most common type of urinary tract infection (UTI).
A to Z: Cytomegalovirus
Learn about viral infections and conditions that can affect pregnancy, newborn babies, and people with weakened immune systems.
A to Z: Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis
See: Hashimoto's Thyroiditis.
- Cardiology A to Z
Cardiology A to Z
A to Z Symptom: Chest Pain
Most causes of chest pain in kids and teens are not serious and will clear up with minimal or no treatment.
A to Z: Acute Febrile Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome (MCLS)
See: Kawasaki Disease.
A to Z: Arrhythmia
An arrhythmia is an abnormal heart rhythm usually caused by an electrical "short circuit" in the heart.
A to Z: Atresia, Aortic
Learn about congenital defects and conditions that affect vessels, valves, and passages in the heart and other organs.
A to Z: Atresia, Pulmonary
Learn about congenital defects and conditions that affect vessels, valves, and passages in the heart and other organs.
A to Z: Atresia, Tricuspid
Learn about congenital defects and conditions that affect vessels, valves, and passages in the heart and other organs.
A to Z: Atrial Flutter
Atrial flutter is an abnormal heart rhythm that causes the heart to beat too fast.
A to Z: Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
Learn about congenital heart defects and conditions that affect the heart and circulatory system.
A to Z: Atrioventricular Septal Defect
Learn about congenital heart defects and conditions that affect newborn babies.
A to Z: Cardiac Arrest
With this medical emergency, the heart suddenly stops beating and prevents oxygen from getting to the body. Read more about it here.
A to Z: Cardiomegaly
Diseases can put added strain on the heart. As it enlarges to pump more blood to the body, the heart muscle weakens and does not work well in this condition. Read more here.
A to Z: Cardiomyopathy
Learn about cardiomyopathy, a disease in which the heart muscle becomes weak and enlarged, making it difficult to pump blood through the body.
A to Z: Coarctation of the Aorta (COA)
Learn about coarctation of the aorta, a treatable congenital heart defect in which a person's aorta is narrowed at some point.
A to Z: Complete Transposition of the Great Vessels
In this condition that starts in the womb, reversed connections of the aorta and pulmonary artery prevent the blood from getting oxygen. Learn more here.
A to Z: Dysrhythmia
Learn more about dysrhythmia: an abnormality in the heart's beat or rhythm caused by electrical impulses functioning improperly.
A to Z: Ebstein's Anomaly
Learn about Ebstein's anomaly, a rare defect in the right side of the heart that is present at birth (congenital).
A to Z: Endocardial Cushion Defect
Learn about congenital heart defects and conditions that affect newborn babies.
A to Z: Hypertension, Primary
Learn about types of high blood pressure and conditions that can affect the heart and blood vessels.
A to Z: Hypertension, Pulmonary
Learn about types of high blood pressure and conditions that can affect the lungs and heart.
A to Z: Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
Learn about hypoplastic left heart syndrome, a rare and serious defect of the heart.
A to Z: Interrupted Aortic Arch
Read about this condition in which the aorta has developed in a way that divides it into two parts and interrupts the proper flow of blood.
A to Z: Kawasaki Disease
Learn about Kawasaki disease, an illness that involves the skin, mouth, and lymph nodes.
A to Z: Palpitations
Learn about arrhythmias and conditions that affect the heart and heartbeat.
A to Z: Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia (PSVT)
Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) is a type of arrhythmia in which the heart beats very rapidly.
A to Z: Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
Learn about heart conditions that affect newborn and premature babies.
A to Z: Pericarditis
Learn about complications of infections and conditions that affect the heart.
A to Z: Pulmonic Valvular Stenosis
Learn about this congenital heart defect that alters blood flow through the heart and lungs and can affect a child's growth and circulation.
A to Z: Tachycardia
Learn more about types of arrhythmias and problems of the heart.
A to Z: Tetralogy of Fallot
Learn about tetralogy of Fallot, a rare congenital heart disorder.
A to Z: Truncus Arteriosus
In the womb, a child's heart may develop a single large artery rather than separate aortic and pulmonary arteries. Learn about the condition here.
A to Z: Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
Learn about congenital heart defects and conditions that affect the heart and circulatory system.
A to Z: Ventricular Tachycardia
Learn about ventricular tachycardia, a potentially life-threatening arrhythmia in which the heart beats too rapidly.
A to Z: Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) Syndrome
Learn about Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome, a congenital heart condition that can cause an abnormally fast heart rhythm known as supraventricular tachycardia.
A to Z: Aortic Stenosis
In aortic stenosis, the aortic valve is narrower than it's supposed to be and can't open all the way.
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D
A to Z Symptom: Diarrhea
Diarrhea (loose, watery, or more frequent stools) can be a symptom of many conditions, including common infections. Most cases go away in a few days with proper home care.
A to Z Symptom: Dizziness
Dizziness refers to feelings of lightheadedness, vertigo, or disequilibrium.
A to Z: Deformity, Acquired
Learn about complications of injuries and illnesses and conditions that affect the size and shape of body parts.
A to Z: Deformity, Congenital
Learn about types of birth defects and conditions that affect the size and shape of body parts.
A to Z: Dehydration
Learn about dehydration, a condition that occurs when someone loses more fluids than he or she takes in.
A to Z: Dental Cavities
A dental cavity is a hole in the tooth that can grow bigger and deeper over time.
A to Z: Depression
Depression is a mood disorder that can affect people of all ages, including kids and teens.
A to Z: Dermatitis
Learn about dermatitis, inflammation of the skin that causes itching and discomfort.
A to Z: Dermatitis, Atopic
Learn about atopic dermatitis, an inflammation of the skin that causes itching and discomfort.
A to Z: Dermatitis, Contact
Learn about contact dermatitis, inflammation of the skin that causes itching and discomfort.
A to Z: Dermatitis, Infantile Seborrheic
Learn about dermatitis, inflammation of the skin that causes itching and discomfort.
A to Z: Dermatitis, Seborrheic
Learn about seborrheic dermatitis, inflammation of the skin that causes itching and discomfort.
A to Z: Dermatomyositis
Learn about dermatomyositis, an inflammatory muscle disease that weakens muscles and produces a distinctive skin rash.
A to Z: Dermatophytosis (Ringworm)
Dermatophytosis, or ringworm, is a highly contagious infection of the skin, hair, or nails caused by a type of fungus called a dermatophyte.
A to Z: Developmental Delay
As kids grow they develop socially and emotionally, and they learn speech, language, motor skills, and cognitive thinking. But in some kids that development can be delayed. Learn more here.
A to Z: Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH)
In this condition, dislocation of the hip joint around the time of birth can affect a child's growth, development, and movement.
A to Z: Diabetes
Diabetes is a disease that affects the way the body handles glucose, a sugar released by the foods we eat.
A to Z: Diabetes Insipidus, Central
In central diabetes insipidus, the kidneys make large amounts of urine, causing the body to lose too much water.
A to Z: Diabetes Insipidus, Nephrogenic
In nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, the body loses too much water because of a problem with the kidneys.
A to Z: Diabetes, Type 1
Diabetes is a disease that affects how the body uses glucose. In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas doesn't make enough insulin, a chemical in the body that helps glucose enter the cells.
A to Z: Diabetes, Type 2
Diabetes is a disease that affects how the body uses glucose. In type 2 diabetes, the body can't respond normally to insulin, a hormone that helps glucose enter the cells.
A to Z: Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) can be a life-threatening complication of uncontrolled diabetes.
A to Z: Diastrophic Dysplasia
Diastrophic dysplasia is a rare genetic disorder that interferes with bone development and causes abnormal bone growth and dwarfism (short stature).
A to Z: Diplegia
Learn about conditions that affect the brain, central nervous system, and muscle coordination.
A to Z: Dislocation, Elbow
A dislocation is when the bones in a joint slip out of their normal position. A dislocated elbow happesn when the upper and lower parts of the arm to slip out of position.
A to Z: Dislocation, Finger
A dislocation is when the bones in a joint slip out of their normal position. A finger dislocation may happen from a fall, blow, or sports injury, especially if the finger is bent back or jammed.
A to Z: Dislocation, Hip
A dislocation is when the bones in a joint slip out of their normal position. A hip dislocation is an injury that occurs when the ball of the thighbone moves out of the socket of the hipbone.
A to Z: Dislocation, Shoulder
A shoulder dislocation causes the top of the upper arm bone (humerus) to slip out of its normal position in the shoulder socket.
A to Z: Dislocation, Thumb
A dislocation is when the bones in a joint slip out of their normal position. A dislocated thumb may happen from a fall, blow, or sports injury, especially if the thumb is bent back or jammed.
A to Z: Dislocation, Toe
A dislocation is when the bones in a joint slip out of their normal position. A dislocated toe may happen from a blow or jamming the toe, such as bumping the toe into furniture or during sports.
A to Z: Disuse Osteoporosis
See: Osteoporosis, Disuse.
A to Z: Down Syndrome
Learn about Down syndrome (DS), a condition in which extra genetic material causes delays in the way a child develops, both mentally and physically.
A to Z: Drug Withdrawal, Newborn
Newborn babies who were exposed to drugs or alcohol while in the womb can develop this syndrome after birth. Learn about it here.
A to Z: Duodenitis
Learn more about diseases and conditions of the stomach and digestive system.
A to Z: Dysmenorrhea
"Dysmenorrhea" means difficult or painful periods.
A to Z: Dysphagia
Swallowing difficulties can affect many aspects of a child's health, including feeding, breathing, and overall growth.
A to Z: Dyspnea
Learn more about difficult or labored breathing.
A to Z: Dysrhythmia
Learn more about dysrhythmia: an abnormality in the heart's beat or rhythm caused by electrical impulses functioning improperly.
A to Z: Dysuria
Learn more about dysuria (or painful urination) and its treatment.
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A to Z: Eardrum, Perforated
A perforated (or ruptured) eardrum is a hole in the eardrum caused by injury or infection.
A to Z: Eating Disorder
Eating disorders involve self-critical, negative thoughts and feelings about body weight and food, and eating habits that disrupt normal body function and daily activities.
A to Z: Ebstein's Anomaly
Learn about Ebstein's anomaly, a rare defect in the right side of the heart that is present at birth (congenital).
A to Z: Ectopic Ureter
The kidneys and urinary tract (which includes the ureters) filter and eliminate wastes from the blood. But sometimes a ureter doesn't connect to the bladder in the usual place, a condition known as an ectopic ureter.
A to Z: Eczema
Learn about genetic conditions, allergic reactions, and conditions that can affect the skin.
A to Z: Eczema Herpeticum
Eczema herpeticum is a skin infection that occurs when the skin becomes infected by herpes simplex (the type of viruses that causes cold sores).
A to Z: Edema
Learn about edema, swelling due to the build-up of excess fluid in body tissues.
A to Z: Encephalopathy
Learn about encephalopathy, a broad term used to describe brain dysfunction.
A to Z: Enchondromatosis
See: Chondrodystrophy.
A to Z: Encopresis
Encopresis (soiling) is a condition that causes a child beyond the age of toilet training to have bowel movements (poop) in his or her underwear.
A to Z: Endocardial Cushion Defect
Learn about congenital heart defects and conditions that affect newborn babies.
A to Z: Endometritis
Learn about complications of infections and conditions that affect the female reproductive system.
A to Z: Enlarged Tonsils
See: Hypertrophy, Tonsillar.
A to Z: Enteritis
Learn more about this common complication of infections and conditions that can affect the small intestine and digestive system.
A to Z: Enterovirus
Enterovirus infections can affect the digestive tract, skin, and respiratory and central nervous systems.
A to Z: Enthesopathy
Learn about rheumatic disorders and conditions that affect the joints and entheses.
A to Z: Enuresis
Enuresis (bedwetting) is a condition where a person has trouble controlling his or her urination (pee).
A to Z: Eosinophilic Esophagitis
Learn about allergic reactions and diseases of the esophagus and gastrointestinal tract.
A to Z: Ependymoma
This tumor forms from cells in the brain and spinal cord that make cerebrospinal fluid. Learn more about this cancer here.
A to Z: Epididymitis
Epididymitis refers to swelling and inflammation of the epididymis, the coiled tube at the back of the testicle that holds and carries sperm.
A to Z: Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a seizure disorder in which electrical signals in the brain misfire, causing temporary communication problems between nerve cells. Someone who gets recurrent seizures is thought to have epilepsy.
A to Z: Epistaxis (Nosebleed)
Epistaxis is another word for nosebleed, when small blood vessels break in the tissue lining of the nose.
A to Z: Erythema Multiforme
Erythema multiforme is a skin condition caused by a hypersensitive reaction to an infection or, in some cases, medication.
A to Z: Esophagitis
Learn about conditions that affect the esophagus and upper gastrointestinal tract.
A to Z: Expressive Language Disorder
This type of speech problem can make it hard for kids to put words together and express what they want to say. Learn more here.
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A to Z Symptom: Fainting
In most cases, fainting is not a sign of a dangerous problem, but should still be discussed with a doctor.
A to Z Symptom: Fever
A fever itself is a symptom, causes no harm, and is often the body's way of fighting infections.
A to Z: Factor IX Deficiency (Hemophilia B)
In factor IX deficiency (hemophilia B), the body doesn't make enough factor IX (factor 9), one of the substances the body needs to form a clot.
A to Z: Factor VIII Deficiency (Hemophilia A)
In factor VIII deficiency (hemophilia A), the body doesn't make enough factor VIII (factor 8), one of the substances the body needs to form a clot.
A to Z: Failure to Thrive
Failure to thrive refers to a child's inability to gain weight and grow as expected for kids of the same age and gender. Most diagnoses are made in the first few years of life.
A to Z: Febrile Seizures
Febrile seizures are convulsions that can happen during a fever (febrile means "feverish").
A to Z: Feeding Problems, Infant
Some babies refuse to eat or don't eat enough. Others have problems digesting food. Learn more about common feeding problems here.
A to Z: Fistula, Coccygeal or Pilonidal
See: Pilonidal Cyst.
A to Z: Flat Foot
Flat foot is a condition in which the arches on the inside of a person's foot have less curve to them or are flat, so that the entire sole of the foot rests on the ground when the person is standing.
A to Z: Flatulence, Eructation, and Gas Pain
It may seem embarrassing to talk about, but intestinal gas and the sounds and smells it causes are common and usually totally normal. Learn more here.
A to Z: Flu (Influenza)
Learn more about influenza, a highly contagious viral infection of the respiratory tract.
A to Z: Food Poisoning
Food poisoning happens when bacteria (and, sometimes, viruses or other germs) get into food or drinks.
A to Z: Foreign Body, Ear
Having a foreign object in the ear is a common cause for a visit to the emergency room, especially for kids under age 6.
A to Z: Foreign Body, Eye
To prevent damage to the eye, any object that isn't washed out right away by tears must be removed.
A to Z: Foreign Body, Nose
Having an object (or foreign body) in the nose is a common cause for a visit to the emergency room, especially for kids under age 6.
A to Z: Fracture, Bimalleolar
Learn about types of lower extremity fractures and conditions that can affect the ankle and lower leg.
A to Z: Fracture, Clavicle
A clavicle fracture, or broken collarbone, is one of the most common broken bones among kids and teens.
A to Z: Fracture, Collarbone
A fall onto the shoulder or an outstretched arm can result in this type of broken bone. Learn more here.
A to Z: Fracture, Distal Radius and Ulna
Fractures of the distal radius and ulna, or broken bones of the forearm, are common childhood injuries.
A to Z: Fracture, Elbow
Fractured (broken) elbows are a common injury in kids and teens.
A to Z: Fracture, Fibula
A fractured fibula is a break to the smaller of the two bones in the lower leg.
A to Z: Fracture, Lateral Malleolus
Learn about types of lower extremity fractures and conditions that can affect the ankle and lower leg.
A to Z: Fracture, Nasal (Broken Nose)
Sports injuries or blows to the face can often cause this common type of facial injury. Learn about it here.
A to Z: Fracture, Radius
A fractured radius is a broken bone in the lower arm. It is a common injury that usually heals quickly.
A to Z: Fracture, Scaphoid (Wrist)
A fractured scaphoid is a broken small bone in the wrist.
A to Z: Fracture, Skull
A skull fracture is a break or crack in one of the bones of the skull, also called the cranium.
A to Z: Fragile X Syndrome
Kids with this inherited disorder can do well with therapies to help treat the intellectual, emotional, and behavioral challenges they face. Learn more here.
A to Z: Fracture, Patella (Kneecap)
A fractured patella is a broken kneecap (the flat, round bone that protects the knee joint).
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A to Z: Brain Stem Glioma
This type of brain tumor forms in the brain stem, the part of the brain that coordinates messages and controls processes like breathing and digestion. Learn more here.
A to Z: Gait Abnormality (Abnormality of Gait)
Learn about abnormality of gait (or gait abnormality), an unusual walking pattern or style.
A to Z: Galactosemia
Galactosemia is an inherited disorder in which the body can't break down a type of sugar called galactose.
A to Z: Gallstones
See: Cholelithiasis.
A to Z: Gastritis
Learn more about diseases and conditions of the stomach and digestive system.
A to Z: Gastroenteritis
Gastroenteritis is an infection that causes vomiting and diarrhea.
A to Z: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Learn more about diseases and conditions of the stomach and digestive system.
A to Z: Gastroparesis
Learn more about this problem of the stomach and digestive tract.
A to Z: Gastroschisis
Learn about gastroschisis, a type of hernia that some babies are born with.
A to Z: Genu Valgum
Learn about common childhood orthopedic conditions and conditions that affect the legs and knees.
A to Z: Genu Varum
Learn about common childhood orthopedic conditions and conditions that affect the legs and knees.
A to Z: Gestational Diabetes
Gestational diabetes is a kind of diabetes that happens to pregnant women. Most of the time, it goes away after the mom has her baby.
A to Z: Giardiasis
Giardiasis is an illness of the digestive tract (stomach and intestines).
A to Z: Gingivostomatitis, Herpetic
Herpetic gingivostomatitis is a contagious mouth infection caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). It most often occurs in young children and is usually the first exposure a child has to the herpes virus (which is also responsible for cold sores and fever blisters).
A to Z: Glomerulonephritis
Glomerulonephritis is an inflammation of the glomeruli, the parts of the filtering units (nephrons) of the kidney.
A to Z: Glycogenosis
Glycogenosis is a broad term for 11 different disorders that cause the abnormal use and storage of glycogen in the body's tissues.
A to Z: Graft Versus Host Disease
When a person receives a stem cell transplant, this treatable complication can make it tougher for the immune system to heal.
A to Z: Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA)
Learn about granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), an uncommon autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation of the blood vessels.
A to Z: Graves Disease
Graves disease is a condition where the body's immune system causes the thyroid gland to make more thyroid hormones than it should.
A to Z: Growth Disorder
Growth disorders are medical problems that stop kids from growing taller or gaining weight as they should.
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A to Z Symptom: Headache
Headaches are common in kids and teens, and can have a wide range of causes. Most can be managed at home.
A to Z: Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease
Hand, Foot, and Mouth disease is a common contagious illness caused by viruses from the enterovirus family, most commonly the coxsackievirus.
A to Z: Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
Hashimoto's thyroiditis is a chronic (ongoing) condition where the body's immune system attacks the thyroid, a gland in the neck that makes thyroid hormone.
A to Z: Hay Fever
See: Rhinitis, Allergic.
A to Z: Head Injury
Learn more about head injuries (head trauma).
A to Z: Hearing Loss, Conductive
Learn about causes of hearing loss and conditions that can affect the outer ear and middle ear.
A to Z: Hearing Loss, Mixed
Learn about causes of hearing loss and conditions that can affect the ear and auditory nerve.
A to Z: Hearing Loss, Neural
Learn about causes of hearing loss and conditions that can affect the auditory nerve.
A to Z: Hearing Loss, Perceptive
See: Hearing Loss, Sensorineural.
A to Z: Hearing Loss, Sensorineural
Learn about causes of hearing loss and conditions that can affect the inner ear and auditory nerve.
A to Z: Hemangioma
Learn more about hemangiomas, common birthmarks in infants.
A to Z: Hematemesis
Learn more about diseases and conditions of the stomach and digestive system.
A to Z: Hematuria (Blood in Urine)
Learn more about hematuria (blood in urine) and how it's treated.
A to Z: Hemiplegia
Learn about congenital disorders and conditions that affect the brain and central nervous system.
A to Z: Hemophagocytic Syndrome
Hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) is a rare and potentially life-threatening blood disorder of the immune system. It mostly affects infants and children but can develop at any age.
A to Z: Hemophilia A (Factor VIII Deficiency)
In factor VIII deficiency (hemophilia A), the body doesn't make enough factor VIII (factor 8), one of the substances the body needs to form a clot.
A to Z: Hemophilia B (Factor IX Deficiency)
In hemophilia B (factor IX deficiency), the body doesn't make enough factor IX (factor 9), one of the substances the body needs to form a clot.
A to Z: Hemorrhage, Intracerebral
Learn about causes of stroke and conditions that can affect the brain.
A to Z: Hemorrhage, Subconjunctival
This condition happens when a blood vessel on the surface of the eye breaks open and leaves a red spot on the white of the eye. Learn more here.
A to Z: Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (HSP)
Learn about Henoch-Schönlein purpura, a condition in which capillaries in the skin, kidneys, and intestinal tract become inflamed and leak.
A to Z: Hereditary Angioedema
In this inherited condition, people can have attacks of swelling in the skin, airways, and intestines. Learn about hereditary angioedema here.
A to Z: Hernia, Bilateral
A bilateral hernia is an opening or weakness in the abdominal wall on both sides of the groin. Learn about it here.
A to Z: Hernia, Epigastric
Learn about hernias and conditions that affect the abdomen and abdominal muscles.
A to Z: Hernia, Hiatal
Learn about hernias and conditions that affect the stomach, esophagus, and upper gastrointestinal tract.
A to Z: Hernia, Incisional
Learn about hernias and potential complications of abdominal surgery.
A to Z: Hernia, Inguinal
Learn about hernias and conditions that affect the lower abdomen and reproductive organs.
A to Z: Hernia, Umbilical
Learn about hernias and conditions that affect the abdomen and bellybutton.
A to Z: Herpangina
Learn more about viral infections and conditions that affect the mouth and throat.
A to Z: Herpes Simplex 1
Learn about viral infections, types of herpes, and conditions that affect the mouth and face.
A to Z: Herpes Simplex 2
Learn about viral infections, types of herpes, and conditions that affect the genital area.
A to Z: Herpes Zoster
Learn about viral infections and causes of skin conditions.
A to Z: Hidradenitis
In this condition, which often begins during the teen years, lumps form under the skin in areas like the armpit or groin. Learn more here.
A to Z: Hirschsprung Disease
Learn about Hirschsprung disease, a birth defect that prevents a child from passing bowel movements.
A to Z: Hives
Learn about urticaria, the red raised bumps or welts on the skin that are commonly called hives.
A to Z: Hunter Syndrome
See: Mucopolysaccharidosis (Hunter Syndrome).
A to Z: Hydrocele
A hydrocele is a collection of fluid around the testicle within the scrotum.
A to Z: Hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalus (sometimes called "water on the brain") is a brain condition that happens when cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) is unable to drain from the brain.
A to Z: Hydromyelia
Learn about the central nervous system and conditions that can affect the spinal cord.
A to Z: Hydronephrosis
Learn more about hydronephrosis (swollen kidney) in children.
A to Z: Hyperkalemia
Learn more about diseases and conditions of the blood and kidneys.
A to Z: Hyperopia
Hyperopia is farsightedness, a common condition in which someone can see things in the distance clearly, but things that are closer appear blurry.
A to Z: Hypertension, Intracranial
Learn about causes of vision loss and conditions that can affect the brain and nervous system.
A to Z: Hypertension, Primary
Learn about types of high blood pressure and conditions that can affect the heart and blood vessels.
A to Z: Hypertension, Pulmonary
Learn about types of high blood pressure and conditions that can affect the lungs and heart.
A to Z: Hypertriglyceridemia
In this common condition, there is a high level of fats called triglycerides in the blood. Learn how this is related to diet, lifestyle, and heart disease here.
A to Z: Hypertrophy, Tonsillar (Enlarged Tonsils)
Tonsillar hypertrophy, or enlarged tonsils, can happen due to an ongoing (chronic) condition or a temporary effect of an infection.
A to Z: Hyphema
Hyphema is a condition that happens when blood collects in the front part of the eye.
A to Z: Hypogammaglobulinemia
Learn about complications of white blood cell deficiencies and conditions that affect the immune system.
A to Z: Hypoglycemia
Learn more about hypoglycemia, a condition where glucose levels drop below normal.
A to Z: Hyponatremia
Hyponatremia is an abnormally low level of sodium in the blood.
A to Z: Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
Learn about hypoplastic left heart syndrome, a rare and serious defect of the heart.
A to Z: Hyposmolality
Learn about metabolic conditions and conditions that can affect fluid and electrolyte levels in the blood.
A to Z: Hypospadias
Hypospadias is a birth defect in which the tube that carries urine out of the body, called the urethra, opens on the underside of the penis.
A to Z: Hypothermia
Hypothermia is a medical emergency resulting from dangerously low body temperature.
A to Z: Hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism is when the thyroid gland doesn't send enough thyroid hormone into the blood.
A to Z: Hypoxemia
Hypoxemia is a condition in which there is a lower than normal level of oxygen in the blood.
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A to Z: Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Learn about immune system responses and conditions that can affect the blood.
A to Z: Ileus
Learn about intestinal blockages and conditions that affect the digestive tract.
A to Z: Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura
See: Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura.
A to Z: Impacted Cerumen
Learn more about imnpacted earwax build-up, which can cause temporary hearing loss and ear pain.
A to Z: Impetigo
Impetigo is a contagious skin infection caused by bacteria.
A to Z: Infection, Skin
A skin infection is a condition where bacteria or other germs enter the skin through a wound and spread, causing pain, swelling, and discoloration.
A to Z: Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Inflammatory bowel disease is a term medical people use for two diseases of the intestines, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, that cause problems in the intestine.
A to Z: Insect Bites/Stings, Non-Venomous
Bites from non-venomous insects are the result of an insect attempting to feed upon a person's blood. Non-venomous means the insect does not inject poisons through its bite.
A to Z: Insect Bites/Stings, Venomous
Venomous insects bite or sting people as a way to defend themselves. They inject a poison (venom) into a person through their mouth or stinger which causes a reaction.
A to Z: Interrupted Aortic Arch
Read about this condition in which the aorta has developed in a way that divides it into two parts and interrupts the proper flow of blood.
A to Z: Interventricular Septal Defect
Learn about congenital heart defects and conditions that affect the heart and circulatory system.
A to Z: Intestinal Malabsorption
Learn about gastrointestinal problems and conditions that affect the digestive system.
A to Z: Intestinal Malrotation
Malrotation is twisting of the bowel that happens when a baby's intestines don't develop properly in the uterus. It can be a medical emergency.
A to Z: Intracerebral Hemorrhage
See: Hemorrhage, Intracerebral.
A to Z: Intussusception
Intussusception is a problem with the intestine in which one portion of the bowel slides into the next.
A to Z: Iridocyclitis
Learn more about conditions of the eyes and factors that may contribute to vision loss.
A to Z: Iritis
Learn more about conditions of the eyes and factors that may contribute to vision loss.
A to Z: Iron-Deficiency Anemia
Iron-deficiency anemia occurs when there aren't enough healthy red blood cells in the bloodstream to carry oxygen to the body's tissues.
A to Z: Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common intestinal disorder that can cause cramps, gas, bloating, diarrhea, and constipation. It is sometimes called a "nervous stomach" or a "spastic colon."
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A to Z: Jaundice
Learn about jaundice, when the skin and whites of the eyes appear yellow due to excess bilirubin in the blood.
A to Z: Joint Effusion
Learn more about this type of joint swelling that can caused by infections, injuries, and arthritis.
A to Z: Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA)
Learn about juvenile idiopathic arthritis, which usually occurs in kids and teens under age 17.
A to Z: Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy
Kids and teens with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) have multiple seizures that usually start around puberty and continue into adulthood unless the seizures are controlled by medicine.
A to Z: Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (JRA)
See: Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA).
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A to Z: Kawasaki Disease
Learn about Kawasaki disease, an illness that involves the skin, mouth, and lymph nodes.
A to Z: Keloids
Learn about complications of wound healing and conditions that affect the skin.
A to Z: Kidney Disease
Kidney disease is when there's a problem with the kidneys and they can't do a good job of filtering waste.
A to Z: Kidney Failure
When the kidneys stop working, they can't help the body remove waste. Learn more about this condition and how doctors treat it.
A to Z: Kidney Stones
Learn more about diseases and conditions of the blood and kidneys.
A to Z: Kleine-Levin Syndrome
Learn about this rare disorder that primarily affects adolescent males.
A to Z: Klinefelter Syndrome
Learn about genetic disorders and conditions that can affect social and sexual development.
A to Z: Kohler's Disease
Kohler's disease is a rare cause of foot pain that develops from temporary changes in bones in the feet as kids grow.
A to Z: Kyphosis
Learn more about kyphosis, an abnormal rounding of the spine.
A to Z: Kyphosis, Congenital
Learn more about congenital kyphosis, an abnormal rounding of the spine that develops before birth.
A to Z: Kyphosis, Postural
Learn more about postural kyphosis, an abnormal rounding of the spine caused by irregular development of bones and muscles, sometimes due to slouching or poor posture.
A to Z: Kyphosis, Scheuermann's
Learn more about Scheuermann's kyphosis, an abnormal rounding of the spine that can run in families and is usually seen in teens.
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A to Z: Lactose Intolerance
Lactose intolerance happens because the body has trouble digesting a kind of sugar that's in milk products.
A to Z: Lateral Malleolar Fracture
See: Fracture, Lateral Malleolus.
A to Z: Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease
Learn about this rare hip disorder, which is most common in boys.
A to Z: Li-Fraumeni Syndrome
This genetic condition makes a person more likely to get cancer during his or her lifetime. Learn more here.
A to Z: Lipoma
A lipoma is a non-cancerous mass of fat cells that grows under the skin.
A to Z: Lumbago
Learn about causes of back pain and conditions that affect the back and spine.
A to Z: Lyme Disease
Lyme disease is a bacterial infection spread through the bite of deer ticks.
A to Z: Lymphadenitis
Learn about bacterial infections and problems of the lymphatic system.
A to Z: Lymphangioma Circumscriptum
Learn about congenital defects and conditions that affect the lymphatic system.
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A to Z Symptom: Malaise and Fatigue
Malaise and fatigue are common symptoms of a wide-ranging list of ailments. Malaise refers to an overall feeling of discomfort and lack of well-being. Fatigue is extreme tiredness and lack of energy or motivation for everyday activities.
A to Z Symptoms: Muscle Weakness
A to Z Symptoms: Muscle Weakness
A to Z: MRSA
Learn about causes and complications of skin infections.
A to Z: Marcus Gunn Syndrome
Marcus Gunn syndrome is a congenital condition where a drooping eyelid briefly opens wider and appears to wink when the jaw is moved.
A to Z: Meatal Stenosis
The meatus is the opening in the penis where urine (pee) comes out. In meatal stenosis, the meatus is too small.
A to Z: Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) Injuries
Learn more about MCL injuries and how they're treated.
A to Z: Meibomian Cyst
A meibomian cyst, or chalazion, is a lump on the inner side of the eyelid. It occurs when one of the small oil glands becomes blocked.
A to Z: Meningitis, Bacterial
Learn about this rare but serious condition in which bacteria invade the membranes around the brain and spinal cord.
A to Z: Meningitis, Viral
Sometimes viruses can spread to the meninges, the membrane around the brain and spinal cord, and cause more severe illness. Learn about it here.
A to Z: Mental Disorder, Non-psychotic
Learn about types of mental disorders and conditions that affect thinking and behavior.
A to Z: Metabolic Syndrome
Metabolic syndrome is a group of separate health problems that often happen together in a person.
A to Z: Microcephaly
Microcephaly is a rare condition in which a child's brain doesn't fully develop, resulting in an abnormally small head size.
A to Z: Migraine
A migraine is a recurring headache that often causes nausea, dizziness, and sensitivity to light, sound, or smell.
A to Z: Migraine, Without Aura
A migraine without aura is a migraine headache that happens without previous warning signs (auras).
A to Z: Mitochondrial Disorder
Mitochondrial disorders affect the function of mitochondria, tiny structures within the body's cells that turn sugar and oxygen into the energy the cells need to do their jobs.
A to Z: Molluscum Contagiosum
Molluscum contagiosum is a common wart-like viral skin infection that goes away on its own over time.
A to Z: Mononeuritis Multiplex
Learn about complications of neurologic disorders and conditions that can affect the peripheral nerves.
A to Z: Mononucleosis
Learn more about mononucleosis, an infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) with flu-like symptoms.
A to Z: Mucopolysaccharidosis Type II
Mucopolysaccharidosis type II, or Hunter syndrome, is a rare genetic disorder that affects mostly males.
A to Z: Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Learn about about multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic disease affecting the central nervous system.
A to Z: Myalgia
Learn about causes of muscle pain and conditions that affect muscles and muscle groups.
A to Z: Myasthenia Gravis (MG)
Learn about myasthenia gravis, an autoimmune disease that causes weakness in the voluntary muscles.
A to Z: Myelomeningocele
Learn about birth defects and conditions that affect the spinal cord and spinal column.
A to Z: Myoclonus
Learn more about the central nervous system and symptoms of nervous system disorders.
A to Z: Myopia
Myopia is nearsightedness, a common condition in which someone can see things that are close clearly, but things that are farther away appear blurry.
A to Z: Myositis
Learn about causes of muscle weakness and conditions that affect muscles and muscle tissue.
A to Z: Myringitis, Bullous
Learn about bullous myringitis, an infection of the tympanic membrane (eardrum).
A to Z: Myringitis, Infectious
Learn about bullous myringitis, an infection of the tympanic membrane (eardrum).
A to Z: MSSA
Learn about causes and complications of skin infections.
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A to Z Symptom: Nausea
Nausea (stomach upset or feeling queasy) can be caused by many things. Often, it can be managed at home with treatment to prevent dehydration.
A to Z: Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a serious intestinal problem where tissue in a newborn's colon dies off. Babies with necrotizing enterocolitis need medical care right away.
A to Z: Necrotizing Respiratory Granulomatosis
See: Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis (GPA).
A to Z: Neoplasm (Tumor), Malignant
Learn about tumors and cancer.
A to Z: Nephrotic Syndrome
Learn about conditions that affect the kidneys and urinary tract.
A to Z: Neurofibromatosis
Learn more about neurofibromatosis (NF), which can cause tumors to grow, including how it's treated.
A to Z: Neurogenic Bladder
The term neurogenic bladder refers to a bladder that doesn't function properly because of nervous damage.
A to Z: Neurosis
See: Mental Disorder, Non-psychotic.
A to Z: Neutropenia
Neutropenia is when the body has very low levels of certain white blood cells called neutrophils, the body's main defense against infection.
A to Z: Nonunion of Fracture
In this condition, a broken bone does not heal completely and needs advanced treatment. Learn more.
A to Z: Norovirus
Learn about viral infections and conditions that affect the stomach and digestive system.
A to Z: Nursemaid's Elbow (Annular Ligament Displacement)
Nursemaid's elbow is a common injury in young kids that happens when a ligament slips out of place near the elbow.
A to Z: Nystagmus
Learn more about this eye problem.
- O
O
A to Z: Obesity, Morbid
Learn about causes and complications of obesity and morbid obesity.
A to Z: Obesity, Severe
See: Obesity, Morbid.
A to Z: Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Learn about this common sleep disorder, where a blockage of the airway during sleep can cause someone to temporarily stop breathing.
A to Z: Ollier Disease
See: Chondrodystrophy.
A to Z: Omphalitis
Learn about bacterial infections and conditions that affect newborn babies.
A to Z: Open Wound, Cheek
Learn more about cheek wounds and how they're treated.
A to Z: Open Wound, Ear
Learn about ear wounds and how they're treated.
A to Z: Open Wound, Elbow
Learn more about elbow wounds and how they're treated.
A to Z: Open Wound, Face
Learn about face wounds and how they're treated.
A to Z: Open Wound, Finger
Learn more about finger wounds and how they're treated.
A to Z: Open Wound, Foot
Learn more about foot wounds and how they're treated.
A to Z: Open Wound, Forearm
Learn more about forearm wounds and how they're treated.
A to Z: Open Wound, Forehead
Learn more about forehead wounds and how they're treated.
A to Z: Open Wound, Gum
Learn more about gum wounds and how they're treated.
A to Z: Open Wound, Hand
Learn more about hand wounds and how they're treated.
A to Z: Open Wound, Head
Learn more about head wounds and how they're treated.
A to Z: Open Wound, Hip and Thigh
Learn more about wounds of this hip or thigh and how they're treated.
A to Z: Open Wound, Jaw
Learn more about jaw wounds and how they're treated.
A to Z: Open Wound, Knee/Leg/Ankle
Learn more about knee, leg, and ankle wounds and how they're treated.
A to Z: Open Wound, Lip
Learn more about lip wounds and how they're treated.
A to Z: Open Wound, Mouth
Learn more about mouth wounds and how they're treated.
A to Z: Open Wound, Nose
Learn more about nose wounds and how they're treated.
A to Z: Open Wound, Scalp
Learn more about scalp wounds and how they're treated.
A to Z: Open Wound, Toe
Learn more about toe wounds and how they're treated.
A to Z: Open Wound, Tongue
Learn more about tongue wounds and how they're treated.
A to Z: Open Wound, Wrist
Learn more about wrist wounds and how they're treated.
A to Z: Optic Nerve Glioma
An optic nerve glioma is a type of brain tumor that forms in or around the optic nerve, which connects the eye to the brain.
A to Z: Oral Apthae
See Apthous Ulcers (Canker Sores).
A to Z: Orthostatic Hypotension
Learn about orthostatic hypotension, an abnormal drop in blood pressure that occurs when someone moves from sitting or lying down to standing up.
A to Z: Osteochondritis Dissecans
Learn about osteochondritis dissecans, a joint condition in which a piece of bone and cartilage become unattached, either partially or completely.
A to Z: Osteodystrophy
Learn about complications of kidney and liver disease and conditions that affect bone development.
A to Z: Osteodystrophy, Renal
See: Osteodystrophy.
A to Z: Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Learn more about congenital disorders and bone deformities.
A to Z: Osteomyelitis
Learn about bacterial infections and conditions that can affect bones.
A to Z: Osteoporosis
Mostly affecting older people, osteoporosis is a disease that weakens the bones, causing them to become brittle and easily fractured.
A to Z: Osteoporosis, Disuse
Disuse osteoporosis is bone loss that results from not enough stress or pressure on the bones, making them brittle and weak, and easy to fracture.
A to Z: Otalgia (Ear Pain)
Learn about otalgia, more commonly known as ear pain or earache.
A to Z: Otitis Media (Ear Infection)
Learn more about otitis media, an infection of the middle ear.
A to Z: Otorrhea
Learn more about otorrhea, discharge from the external part of the ear.
- Oncology (Cancer) A to Z
Oncology (Cancer) A to Z
A to Z: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)
Learn about different types of leukemia and cancers that affect the blood and bone marrow.
A to Z: Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)
Learn about different types of leukemia and cancers that affect the blood and bone marrow.
A to Z: Brain Stem Glioma
This type of brain tumor forms in the brain stem, the part of the brain that coordinates messages and controls processes like breathing and digestion. Learn more here.
A to Z: Ependymoma
This tumor forms from cells in the brain and spinal cord that make cerebrospinal fluid. Learn more about this cancer here.
A to Z: Graft Versus Host Disease
When a person receives a stem cell transplant, this treatable complication can make it tougher for the immune system to heal.
A to Z: Hemophagocytic Syndrome
Hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) is a rare and potentially life-threatening blood disorder of the immune system. It mostly affects infants and children but can develop at any age.
A to Z: Neoplasm (Tumor), Malignant
Learn about tumors and cancer.
A to Z: Neutropenia
Neutropenia is when the body has very low levels of certain white blood cells called neutrophils, the body's main defense against infection.
A to Z: Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor (PNET)
Primitive neuroectodermal tumors, or PNETs, are tumors that can happen anywhere in the brain or spine.
- Orthopedics A to Z
Orthopedics A to Z
A to Z: Abnormality of Gait (Gait Abnormality)
Abnormality of gait (or gait abnormality) is an unusual walking pattern or style.
A to Z: Achondroplasia
Achondroplasia is a genetic disorder that interferes with bone growth and causes dwarfism (short stature).
A to Z: Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Injuries
Learn more about ACL injuries and how they're treated.
A to Z: Arthrogryposis
Learn about congenital conditions and conditions that affect the muscles and joints in newborn babies.
A to Z: Benign Joint Hypermobility Syndrome
Learn about inherited disorders and conditions that can affect the joints and connective tissues.
A to Z: Biceps Tendonitis
Learn more about biceps tendonitis and how it's treated.
A to Z: Calcaneal Apophysitis
See: Sever Disease.
A to Z: Cervicalgia
Learn about causes of neck pain and conditions that can affect the cervical spine.
A to Z: Clubfoot
Clubfoot is a birth defect that causes one or both of a baby's feet to turn inward and downward, giving the foot or feet a club-like appearance.
A to Z: Contracture of Tendon Sheath
Contracture of tendon sheath is a rare condition where the protective sheath surrounding a tendon tightens and grows thicker, which can limit movement in an affected joint.
A to Z: Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH)
In this condition, dislocation of the hip joint around the time of birth can affect a child's growth, development, and movement.
A to Z: Diastrophic Dysplasia
Diastrophic dysplasia is a rare genetic disorder that interferes with bone development and causes abnormal bone growth and dwarfism (short stature).
A to Z: Dislocation, Elbow
A dislocation is when the bones in a joint slip out of their normal position. A dislocated elbow happesn when the upper and lower parts of the arm to slip out of position.
A to Z: Dislocation, Finger
A dislocation is when the bones in a joint slip out of their normal position. A finger dislocation may happen from a fall, blow, or sports injury, especially if the finger is bent back or jammed.
A to Z: Dislocation, Hip
A dislocation is when the bones in a joint slip out of their normal position. A hip dislocation is an injury that occurs when the ball of the thighbone moves out of the socket of the hipbone.
A to Z: Dislocation, Shoulder
A shoulder dislocation causes the top of the upper arm bone (humerus) to slip out of its normal position in the shoulder socket.
A to Z: Dislocation, Thumb
A dislocation is when the bones in a joint slip out of their normal position. A dislocated thumb may happen from a fall, blow, or sports injury, especially if the thumb is bent back or jammed.
A to Z: Dislocation, Toe
A dislocation is when the bones in a joint slip out of their normal position. A dislocated toe may happen from a blow or jamming the toe, such as bumping the toe into furniture or during sports.
A to Z: Disuse Osteoporosis
See: Osteoporosis, Disuse.
A to Z: Enchondromatosis
See: Chondrodystrophy.
A to Z: Enthesopathy
Learn about rheumatic disorders and conditions that affect the joints and entheses.
A to Z: Fracture, Bimalleolar
Learn about types of lower extremity fractures and conditions that can affect the ankle and lower leg.
A to Z: Fracture, Clavicle
A clavicle fracture, or broken collarbone, is one of the most common broken bones among kids and teens.
A to Z: Fracture, Collarbone
A fall onto the shoulder or an outstretched arm can result in this type of broken bone. Learn more here.
A to Z: Fracture, Distal Radius and Ulna
Fractures of the distal radius and ulna, or broken bones of the forearm, are common childhood injuries.
A to Z: Fracture, Elbow
Fractured (broken) elbows are a common injury in kids and teens.
A to Z: Fracture, Fibula
A fractured fibula is a break to the smaller of the two bones in the lower leg.
A to Z: Fracture, Lateral Malleolus
Learn about types of lower extremity fractures and conditions that can affect the ankle and lower leg.
A to Z: Fracture, Radius
A fractured radius is a broken bone in the lower arm. It is a common injury that usually heals quickly.
A to Z: Fracture, Scaphoid (Wrist)
A fractured scaphoid is a broken small bone in the wrist.
A to Z: Gait Abnormality (Abnormality of Gait)
Learn about abnormality of gait (or gait abnormality), an unusual walking pattern or style.
A to Z: Genu Valgum
Learn about common childhood orthopedic conditions and conditions that affect the legs and knees.
A to Z: Genu Varum
Learn about common childhood orthopedic conditions and conditions that affect the legs and knees.
A to Z: Joint Effusion
Learn more about this type of joint swelling that can caused by infections, injuries, and arthritis.
A to Z: Kyphosis
Learn more about kyphosis, an abnormal rounding of the spine.
A to Z: Kyphosis, Congenital
Learn more about congenital kyphosis, an abnormal rounding of the spine that develops before birth.
A to Z: Kyphosis, Postural
Learn more about postural kyphosis, an abnormal rounding of the spine caused by irregular development of bones and muscles, sometimes due to slouching or poor posture.
A to Z: Kyphosis, Scheuermann's
Learn more about Scheuermann's kyphosis, an abnormal rounding of the spine that can run in families and is usually seen in teens.
A to Z: Lateral Malleolar Fracture
See: Fracture, Lateral Malleolus.
A to Z: Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease
Learn about this rare hip disorder, which is most common in boys.
A to Z: Lumbago
Learn about causes of back pain and conditions that affect the back and spine.
A to Z: Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) Injuries
Learn more about MCL injuries and how they're treated.
A to Z: Nursemaid's Elbow (Annular Ligament Displacement)
Nursemaid's elbow is a common injury in young kids that happens when a ligament slips out of place near the elbow.
A to Z: Ollier Disease
See: Chondrodystrophy.
A to Z: Osteochondritis Dissecans
Learn about osteochondritis dissecans, a joint condition in which a piece of bone and cartilage become unattached, either partially or completely.
A to Z: Osteodystrophy
Learn about complications of kidney and liver disease and conditions that affect bone development.
A to Z: Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Learn more about congenital disorders and bone deformities.
A to Z: Osteoporosis
Mostly affecting older people, osteoporosis is a disease that weakens the bones, causing them to become brittle and easily fractured.
A to Z: Osteoporosis, Disuse
Disuse osteoporosis is bone loss that results from not enough stress or pressure on the bones, making them brittle and weak, and easy to fracture.
A to Z: Patellar Dislocation
Patellar dislocation happens when the patella (kneecap) slips out of its normal position.
A to Z: Pectus Carinatum
Learn more about pectus carinatum, commonly called pigeon chest.
A to Z: Pectus Excavatum
Learn more about pectus excavatum, commonly called sunken chest.
A to Z: Pott's Fracture
Bimalleolar fracture, Pott's fracture, medial malleolus, lateral malleolus, ankle, ankle fracture, broken ankle, tibia, fibula, shinbone, operative fixation, surgery, malleoli
A to Z: Scoliosis
Learn about scoliosis, an abnormal curvature in the spine often detected just before puberty begins.
A to Z: Sever Disease
Sever disease is a painful bone disorder due to inflammation (swelling) of the growth plate in the heel.
A to Z: Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE)
In slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE), the very top of the thighbone (called the femoral head) slips out of line with the rest of the thighbone, causing a weakened hip joint.
A to Z: Slipped Disc
Activities and sports that put stress on the back can lead to a slipped disc, which can cause pain in the back, arms, and legs.
A to Z: Spinal Stenosis
Spinal stenosis is a narrowing of the spaces in the spine, or backbone, where the spinal cord is located. Pressure placed on the spinal cord causes pain and disruption to some body functions.
A to Z: Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia (SED)
Learn about genetic disorders and conditions that affect growth and development.
A to Z: Spondylolisthesis
Spondylolisthesis (or "slipped vertebra") is when one of the vertebrae slips forward and out of place on the vertebra beneath it.
A to Z: Spondylolysis
Spondylolysis is when there is a defect of a narrow piece of bone in the vertebra.
A to Z: Sprain
Sprains are common injuries, especially among active older kids and teens who play sports.
A to Z: Sprain, Ankle
Ankle sprains are common in kids and teens who play sports. They happen when the ligaments that support the ankle get overly stretched or torn.
A to Z: Sprain, Knee
A knee sprain happens when a ligament is stretched or torn because the knee gets twisted, bent, or hit.
A to Z: Sprain, Wrist
A sprain is the stretch or partial tear of ligaments (which connect two bones). A wrist sprain happens when the ligaments that support the wrist bend or twist too far.
A to Z: Talipes Equinovarus
Learn about birth defects and congenital conditions that affect the feet and legs.
A to Z: Tenosynovitis
Learn about overuse injuries and conditions that affect the tendons and muscles.
A to Z: Fracture, Patella (Kneecap)
A fractured patella is a broken kneecap (the flat, round bone that protects the knee joint).
- P
P
A to Z: Palpitations
Learn about arrhythmias and conditions that affect the heart and heartbeat.
A to Z: Panarteritis Nodosa
See Polyarteritis Nodosa.
A to Z: Pancreatitis
Learn more about pancreatitis, an inflammation of the pancreas that can cause severe belly pain and vomiting.
A to Z: Panic Disorder
Learn about panic disorder, an anxiety disorder in which a person experiences recurrent feelings of intense fear when there's no real threat or danger.
A to Z: Panniculitis, Popsicle
Learn about causes of skin inflammation and conditions that affect infants and young children.
A to Z: Paralytic Ileus
Learn about intestinal blockages and conditions that affect the digestive tract.
A to Z: Paresthesia
Parathesia is a burning, prickling, itching, or tingling "pins and needles" skin sensation. Anyone who has had a foot "fall asleep" has experienced temporary paresthesia.
A to Z: Paronychia
Paronychia, an infection of the skin around a fingernail or toenail, usually isn't a serious problem.
A to Z: Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia (PSVT)
Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) is a type of arrhythmia in which the heart beats very rapidly.
A to Z: Patellar Dislocation
Patellar dislocation happens when the patella (kneecap) slips out of its normal position.
A to Z: Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
Learn about heart conditions that affect newborn and premature babies.
A to Z: Pectus Carinatum
Learn more about pectus carinatum, commonly called pigeon chest.
A to Z: Pectus Excavatum
Learn more about pectus excavatum, commonly called sunken chest.
A to Z: Peptic Ulcers
Peptic ulcers are painful sores in the lining of the stomach or upper part of the small intestine.
A to Z: Periarteritis Nodosa
See Polyarteritis Nodosa.
A to Z: Pericarditis
Learn about complications of infections and conditions that affect the heart.
A to Z: Peritonitis
Learn more about bacterial infections, problems of the gastrointestinal tract, and complications related to infections and diseases of the abdominal organs.
A to Z: Peritonsillar Abscess
A peritonsillar abscess is an area of pus-filled tissue at the back of the mouth, next to one of the tonsils.
A to Z: Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD)
Learn more about this type of autism that can impair social skills, delay speech, and cause repetitive behaviors.
A to Z: Phenylketonuria
In this genetic disorder, the body cannot break down the amino acid phenylalanine, which then builds up in the system and affects the brain. Learn more.
A to Z: Phimosis
Learn about phimosis, a condition that affects the penis and foreskin in uncircumcised males.
A to Z: Pilonidal Cyst
Learn more about skin infections, cysts, and abscesses.
A to Z: Pinkeye (Conjunctivitis)
Pinkeye (conjunctivitis) is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, the tissue covering the white part of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelid.
A to Z: Pituitary Dwarfism
Pituitary dwarfism is a condition in which the pituitary gland does not make enough growth hormone, resulting in a child's slow growth pattern and unusually small stature.
A to Z: Pityriasis Rosea
Learn about rashes and other conditions that affect the skin.
A to Z: Pneumonia, Bacterial
Bacterial pneumonia is a lung infection caused by bacteria (such as staph or strep).
A to Z: Pneumonia, Mycoplasma
Mycoplasma pneumonia, also called walking pneumonia or atypical pneumonia, is a mild lung infection caused by bacteria.
A to Z: Pneumonia, Viral
Learn about viral pneumonia, a lung infection caused by a virus.
A to Z: Pneumonitis
Pneumonitis is a general term for inflammation of the lungs.
A to Z: Polyarteritis Nodosa
Learn about polyarteritis nodosa (PAN), a rare disease causing inflammation of the blood vessels.
A to Z: Polymyositis
Polymyositis is an uncommon disease that causes muscle weakness, pain, and inflammation. It usually affects adults.
A to Z: Postoperative Infection
Learn about postoperative infections, which are any kind of infections that occur following a surgical procedure.
A to Z: Postoperative Pain
Postoperative pain is pain or discomfort after surgery.
A to Z: Pott's Fracture
Bimalleolar fracture, Pott's fracture, medial malleolus, lateral malleolus, ankle, ankle fracture, broken ankle, tibia, fibula, shinbone, operative fixation, surgery, malleoli
A to Z: Precocious Puberty
Learn about hormonal disorders and conditions that can affect childhood sexual development.
A to Z: Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor (PNET)
Primitive neuroectodermal tumors, or PNETs, are tumors that can happen anywhere in the brain or spine.
A to Z: Procidentia
Learn about conditions that affect the rectum, anus, and digestive system.
A to Z: Pseudotumor Cerebri
See: Hypertension, Intracranial.
A to Z: Psychosis
Learn about symptoms of mental illness and conditions that affect thinking and behavior.
A to Z: Pulmonary Artery Sling
With this condition, an artery carrying blood from the heart to the lungs can form a sling around the windpipe and block air flow. Learn more about it here.
A to Z: Pulmonic Valvular Stenosis
Learn about this congenital heart defect that alters blood flow through the heart and lungs and can affect a child's growth and circulation.
A to Z: Purpura, Allergic
See: Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (HSP).
A to Z: Purpura, Anaphylactoid
See: Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (HSP).
A to Z: Purpura, Henoch-Schönlein (HSP)
See: Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (HSP).
A to Z: Purpura, Schönlein-Henoch
See: Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (HSP).
A to Z: Pyelonephritis
Learn more about pyelonephritis and how it's treated.
A to Z: Pyloric Stenosis
Pyloric stenosis is a condition that happens during infancy, and affects the lower part of the stomach.
A to Z: Pyogenic Arthritis (Septic Arthritis)
Pyogenic, or septic, arthritis is a serious and painful infection of a joint. It's most common in children from birth to age 3 and older adults.
A to Z: Pseudotumor Cerebri
Learn about pseudotumor cerebri, a disorder in which the pressure is too high in the fluid that surrounds the brain.
- Pulmonology A to Z
Pulmonology A to Z
A to Z: Asthma
Asthma is a lung condition that causes difficulty breathing.
A to Z: Asthma, Attack
Learn more about asthma attacks, when asthma symptoms suddenly become severe.
A to Z: Bronchiectasis
Learn about causes of breathing difficulties and conditions that can affect the lungs and bronchi.
A to Z: Bronchiectasis, Acquired
See: Bronchiectasis.
A to Z: Bronchiectasis, Congenital
See: Bronchiectasis.
A to Z: Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
Learn about cystic fibrosis, an inherited disease primarily affecting the lungs and digestive system.
A to Z: Dyspnea
Learn more about difficult or labored breathing.
A to Z: Hypoxemia
Hypoxemia is a condition in which there is a lower than normal level of oxygen in the blood.
A to Z: Pneumonia, Mycoplasma
Mycoplasma pneumonia, also called walking pneumonia or atypical pneumonia, is a mild lung infection caused by bacteria.
A to Z: Pneumonia, Viral
Learn about viral pneumonia, a lung infection caused by a virus.
A to Z: Pneumonitis
Pneumonitis is a general term for inflammation of the lungs.
A to Z: Respiratory Failure
Learn what happens when the lungs cannot properly bring oxygen into or remove carbon dioxide from the blood.
A to Z: Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Learn about RSV, a contagious infection that's a major cause of respiratory illness in young children.
A to Z: Sarcoidosis
Learn about abnormal immune system responses and disorders that can affect the lungs, lymph system, and other organs.
- Q
- R
R
A to Z Symptom: Rash
A rash is an area of irritated, bumpy, painful, or swollen skin. Most aren't harmful or dangerous.
A to Z Symptom: Rectal Bleeding
Learn about some common causes of rectal bleeding, most of which aren't serious.
A to Z: Radial Head Subluxation
Nursemaid's elbow is a partial dislocation of the elbow joint that happens when a ligament slips out of place near the elbow.
A to Z: Rash, Diaper
Diaper rash is a very common condition that can cause a baby's skin to become sore, red, and tender.
A to Z: Rectal Prolapse
Learn about conditions that affect the rectum, anus, and digestive system.
A to Z: Renal Dysplasia
Learn about potential complications of fetal development and conditions that affect the kidneys and urinary tract.
A to Z: Resonance Disorder
In this speech problem, problems in the structure, nerves, and muscles of the mouth and throat can change the quality of the voice. Read more.
A to Z: Respiratory Failure
Learn what happens when the lungs cannot properly bring oxygen into or remove carbon dioxide from the blood.
A to Z: Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Learn about RSV, a contagious infection that's a major cause of respiratory illness in young children.
A to Z: Retropharyngeal Abscess
Retropharyngeal abscess is an area of infected, pus-filled tissue that forms in the deep tissues in the back of the throat.
A to Z: Rhinitis, Allergic
Allergic rhinitis, sometimes called "hay fever" or seasonal allergies, are allergy symptoms that occur during certain times of the year.
A to Z: Ringworm (Dermatophytosis)
Ringworm, or dermatophytosis, is a highly contagious infection of the skin, hair or nails caused by a type of fungus called a dermatophyte.
A to Z: Roseola
Roseola (also known as sixth disease) is a viral illness, most commonly affecting kids between 6 months and 2 years old.
A to Z: Rotavirus
Rotavirus is a highly contagious virus that can cause severe, frequent diarrhea, especially in young kids.
- S
S
A to Z Symptom: Seizure
Seizures can be frightening, but most last only a few minutes and stop on their own.
A to Z Symptom: Sore Throat
A sore throat can be caused by many things, from viral and bacterial infections to seasonal allergies and gastroesophageal reflux.
A to Z: Sanfilippo Syndrome
Sanfilippo syndrome makes the body unable to break down certain carbohydrates (sugars) in the blood, leading to serious problems in the brain and nervous system.
A to Z: Sarcoidosis
Learn about abnormal immune system responses and disorders that can affect the lungs, lymph system, and other organs.
A to Z: Scabies
Learn about parasitic infections and skin disorders.
A to Z: Scarlet Fever
Learn about scarlet fever,an illness with a characteristic rash that is caused by a strep infection.
A to Z: Scoliosis
Learn about scoliosis, an abnormal curvature in the spine often detected just before puberty begins.
A to Z: Scrotal Pain, Acute
A variety of things can cause pain in the scrotum (also called scrotal pain), the pouch-like structure at the base of a boy's penis.
A to Z: Seizure, Absence
An absence seizure (also called a petit mal seizure) is type of epileptic seizure that causes a person to briefly lose consciousness and stare ahead without moving, appearing "absent."
A to Z: Seizure, Grand Mal
See: Seizure, Tonic-Clonic.
A to Z: Seizure, Petit Mal
See: Seizure, Petit Mal.
A to Z: Seizure, Tonic-Clonic
A tonic-clonic seizure (also called a grand mal seizure) is a sudden attack that brings on intense muscle spasms and loss of consciousness. It is caused by abnormal brain activity and affects the entire body.
A to Z: Septic Arthritis (Pyogenic Arthritis)
Septic, or pyogenic, arthritis is a serious and painful infection of a joint. It's most common in children from birth to age 3 and older adults.
A to Z: Septicemia
Learn about this condition, in which an infection can spread into the blood and cause serious health problems.
A to Z: Sever Disease
Sever disease is a painful bone disorder due to inflammation (swelling) of the growth plate in the heel.
A to Z: Shingles
See: Herpes Zoster.
A to Z: Sialadenitis
Learn about sialadenitis, an infection of the saliva-producing glands.
A to Z: Sickle Cell Disease
Learn about genetic disorders and diseases and conditions that affect the blood.
A to Z: Sickle Cell Trait
Learn about genetic disorders and diseases and conditions that affect the blood.
A to Z: Sinus, Coccygeal or Pilonidal
See: Pilonidal Cyst.
A to Z: Sinusitis
Sinusitis is an infection that causes the sinuses (moist air spaces within the bones of the face around the nose) to swell or become irritated.
A to Z: Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE)
In slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE), the very top of the thighbone (called the femoral head) slips out of line with the rest of the thighbone, causing a weakened hip joint.
A to Z: Slipped Disc
Activities and sports that put stress on the back can lead to a slipped disc, which can cause pain in the back, arms, and legs.
A to Z: Snake/Lizard Bites, Venomous
A bite from a venomous (poisonous) snake or lizard is painful and also can be life threatening.
A to Z: Spinal Stenosis
Spinal stenosis is a narrowing of the spaces in the spine, or backbone, where the spinal cord is located. Pressure placed on the spinal cord causes pain and disruption to some body functions.
A to Z: Spondylitis, Ankylosing
Learn about chronic inflammatory diseases and conditions that affect the back and spine.
A to Z: Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia (SED)
Learn about genetic disorders and conditions that affect growth and development.
A to Z: Spondylolisthesis
Spondylolisthesis (or "slipped vertebra") is when one of the vertebrae slips forward and out of place on the vertebra beneath it.
A to Z: Spondylolysis
Spondylolysis is when there is a defect of a narrow piece of bone in the vertebra.
A to Z: Sprain
Sprains are common injuries, especially among active older kids and teens who play sports.
A to Z: Sprain, Ankle
Ankle sprains are common in kids and teens who play sports. They happen when the ligaments that support the ankle get overly stretched or torn.
A to Z: Sprain, Knee
A knee sprain happens when a ligament is stretched or torn because the knee gets twisted, bent, or hit.
A to Z: Sprain, Wrist
A sprain is the stretch or partial tear of ligaments (which connect two bones). A wrist sprain happens when the ligaments that support the wrist bend or twist too far.
A to Z: Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Learn about problems of the immune system and adverse reactions to drugs or infections.
A to Z: Stomatitis
Learn about stomatitis, an inflammation of the mouth.
A to Z: Strabismus
Strabismus is when the eyes are not lined up correctly.
A to Z: Strep Throat
Strep throat, a painful throat infection, is common in kids and teens. It gets better quickly with antibiotic treatment.
A to Z: Sturge-Weber Syndrome
Learn about this genetic disorder that can cause a birthmark on the face called a port-wine stain, as well as other symptoms.
A to Z: Stye
A stye is a red, painful bump on the eyelid caused by a backed-up oil gland.
A to Z: Subconjunctival Hemorrhage
A subconjunctival hemorrhage is a harmless red spot on the white of the eye.
A to Z: Subungual Hematoma
A subungual hematoma is blood trapped under a fingernail or toenail, often due to an injury such as a stubbed toe or a finger slammed in a door.
A to Z: Syncope (Fainting)
Syncope, or fainting, is a temporary loss of consciousness caused when blood flow to the brain suddenly drops, depriving the brain of oxygen.
A to Z: Synovitis, Transient
Transient synovitis is a temporary inflammation of a joint, most often the hip, that usually does not cause any long-term problems.
- T
T
A to Z: Tachycardia
Learn more about types of arrhythmias and problems of the heart.
A to Z: Talipes Equinovarus
Learn about birth defects and congenital conditions that affect the feet and legs.
A to Z: Tenosynovitis
Learn about overuse injuries and conditions that affect the tendons and muscles.
A to Z: Testicular Torsion
Testicular torsion is an emergency condition that happens when the spermatic cord gets twisted and cuts off blood supply, causing pain and swelling.
A to Z: Tetanus
Tetanus, also known as lockjaw, is a serious but preventable disease that affects the body's muscles and nerves.
A to Z: Tetralogy of Fallot
Learn about tetralogy of Fallot, a rare congenital heart disorder.
A to Z: Tetraplegia
Learn about complications of spinal cord injuries and conditions that affect the central nervous system.
A to Z: Thrush
Thrush (candidiasis) is an overgrowth of a type of yeast, and commonly causes infections in the mouth, vagina, and skin.
A to Z: Thrush, Oral
Candidiasis is an overgrowth of a type of yeast, and commonly causes infections in the mouth, vagina, and skin.
A to Z: Thyroid Nodule
A thyroid nodule is a lump in the thyroid gland.
A to Z: Tic Disorder
Learn about conditions of the brain and nervous system and conditions related to ADHD and OCD.
A to Z: Tidal Platelet Dysgenesis
See: Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura.
A to Z: Tietze Disease
Learn more about diseases of the chest wall and conditions that cause chest pain.
A to Z: Tinea Capitis
Tinea capitis (ringworm of the scalp) is a fungal scalp infection that can be cured with medication.
A to Z: Tinea Corporis (Ringworm)
Tinea corporis (ringworm) is a common skin infection that usually gets better with treatment.
A to Z: Tinea Cruris (Jock Itch)
Tinea cruris, also known as jock itch, is a skin infection of the groin area caused by several types of fungi often found on the skin.
A to Z: Tonsillitis
Tonsillitis is an inflammation of the tonsils, the fleshy clusters of tissue in the back of the throat.
A to Z: Tooth Injury, Primary
A primary tooth injury is an injury or damage to a child's primary (or "baby") tooth.
A to Z: Tooth Injury, Secondary
Secondary tooth injuries are injuries or damage to secondary or permanent teeth (also called "adult" teeth).
A to Z: Torticollis
Learn about this condition, which affects neck muscles.
A to Z: Tracheitis
Learn about tracheitis, a condition that affects the respiratory tract.
A to Z: Transplant, Bone Marrow
Learn more about this medical procedure in which damaged stem cells in the blood are replaced with healthy stem cells.
A to Z: Trisomy 21
See: Down Syndrome.
A to Z: Truncus Arteriosus
In the womb, a child's heart may develop a single large artery rather than separate aortic and pulmonary arteries. Learn about the condition here.
A to Z: Tuberous Sclerosis
Learn about this genetic disorder that causes noncancerous tumors to grow in many parts of the body.
A to Z: Tethered Cord
A tethered cord is when part of the spinal cord is attached inside the spinal canal, and the spinal cord is not able to move freely.
- U
U
A to Z: Ulcerative Colitis
Learn more about this inflammatory disease of the large intestine, or colon.
A to Z: Umbilical Granuloma
Learn about disorders related to the umbilical cord and issues that affect newborn babies.
A to Z: Undescended Testicle
Undescended testis is a condition in which one or both of a boy's testicles (testes) have not moved into their proper place in the scrotum.
A to Z: Upper Respiratory Infection
An upper respiratory infection (URI) can be caused by many viruses or bacteria. The common cold, croup, and sinusitis are all URIs.
A to Z: Ureterocele
Ureteroceles are caused by a birth defect in which the opening in the ureter is too small for urine to pass freely into the bladder.
A to Z: Ureteropelvic (UP) Junction Obstruction
Ureteropelvic junction obstruction is a partial or total blockage of the flow of urine in the area where a ureter attaches to a kidney.
A to Z: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
Learn about bacterial infections and conditions that can affect the urinary tract.
A to Z: Urticaria (Hives)
Learn about urticaria, the red raised bumps or welts on the skin that are commonly called hives.
A to Z: Uveitis
Learn more about conditions of the eyes and factors that may contribute to vision loss.
A to Z: Uveitis, Anterior
Learn more about conditions of the eyes and factors that may contribute to vision loss.
A to Z: Ureitis
Learn more about conditions of the eyes and factors that may contribute to vision loss.
- V
V
A to Z Symptom: Vertigo
See Dizziness.
A to Z Symptom: Vomiting
Most cases of vomiting are due to viral gastroenteritis ("stomach flu") and can be managed at home with treatment to prevent dehydration.
A to Z: Vaginitis
Vaginitis is an inflammation of the vagina.
A to Z: Vaginosis
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is an infection in the vagina.
A to Z: Vaginosis, Bacterial
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is an infection in the vagina.
A to Z: Varicella (Chickenpox)
Learn about viral infections, contagious diseases, and diseases that cause skin rashes.
A to Z: Varices
Varices are swollen blood vessels that usually develop in the esophagus or stomach.
A to Z: Varices, Esophageal
See: Varices.
A to Z: Varices, Scrotal
See: Varicocele (Scrotal Varices).
A to Z: Varicocele (Scrotal Varices)
A varicocele is an enlargement of the veins in the scrotum.
A to Z: Venom
Venom refers to poisonous substances that are administered by an animal to its prey or enemy through a bite or sting. Depending on the species, its effects can range from mildly irritating to deadly.
A to Z: Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
Learn about congenital heart defects and conditions that affect the heart and circulatory system.
A to Z: Ventricular Tachycardia
Learn about ventricular tachycardia, a potentially life-threatening arrhythmia in which the heart beats too rapidly.
A to Z: Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR)
Learn more about conditions and infections of the urinary tract and kidneys.
A to Z: Viral Exanthem
Learn about viral infections and causes of skin rashes.
A to Z: Viral Infection
A viral infection is a an infection caused by a virus (a type of germ).
A to Z: Vitamin D Deficiency
Vitamin D deficiency is a condition that happens when a person isn't getting enough vitamin D, which is needed for strong bones and overall health.
A to Z: Vitiligo
Vitiligo is a loss of skin pigment that causes white spots or patches to appear on the skin.
A to Z: Von Hippel-Lindau Disease
Von Hippel-Lindau disease, or VHL, is a genetic disorder that causes blood vessels to grow abnormally.
- W
W
A to Z: Warts
Learn about warts, skin growths caused by viruses of the human papillomavirus (HPV) family.
A to Z: Wheezing
A "wheeze" is a high-pitched whistling sound made when air flows through narrowed airways in the lungs.
A to Z: Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) Syndrome
Learn about Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome, a congenital heart condition that can cause an abnormally fast heart rhythm known as supraventricular tachycardia.
A to Z: Wound Dehiscence
Wound dehiscence is a condition where a cut made during a surgical procedure separates or ruptures after it has been stitched back together.
- X
- Y
Y
A to Z: Yeast Infection
See: Candidiasis.
A to Z: Yellow Fever
Learn about viral infections and diseases that can be transmitted from mosquitoes to humans.
A to Z: Yersinia Enterocolitis
See: Yersiniosis.
A to Z: Yersiniosis
Learn more about bacterial infections and illnesses that result from improper food preparation.
- Z
Z
A to Z: Zika Virus
Zika is a virus that a person can get from being bitten by an infected mosquito. The virus is of particular concern for pregnant women and women who may become pregnant.
A to Z: Zona
Learn about viral infections and causes of skin conditions.
A to Z: Zoonosis
Learn more about diseases, infections, and conditions transmitted to humans from animals.
- A
- Allergies
- Allergies Q&A
Allergies Q&A
Do Allergies Cause Asthma?
Allergies don't cause asthma, but kids who have allergies are more likely to get asthma.
How Do Doctors Test for Allergies?
Find out what the experts have to say.
What Is Oral Allergy Syndrome?
Oral allergy syndrome can cause an itchy mouth and throat. Find out more.
What Is Skin Testing for Allergies?
A scratch or skin prick test is a common way doctors find out more about a person's allergies.
- Allergy Testing
Allergy Testing
Blood Test: Allergen-Specific Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
This blood test can check for some kinds of allergies.
Blood Test: Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
The immunoglobulin E (IgE) blood test is often done as part of an initial screen for allergies. High IgE levels also may indicate a parasitic infection.
How Do Doctors Test for Food Allergies?
Find out what the experts have to say.
What Is Skin Testing for Allergies?
A scratch or skin prick test is a common way doctors find out more about a person's allergies.
- Handling Allergic Reactions
Handling Allergic Reactions
5 Ways to Prepare for an Allergy Emergency
Being prepared for an allergy emergency will help you, your child, and other caregivers respond in the event of a serious reaction.
First Aid: Allergic Reactions
Although most allergic reactions aren't serious, severe reactions can be life-threatening and can require immediate medical attention.
Serious Allergic Reactions (Anaphylaxis)
Kids with severe allergies can be at risk for a sudden, serious allergic reaction called anaphylaxis. The good news is that when treated properly, anaphylaxis can be managed.
- Allergies Q&A
- Asthma Center Content List
- Asthma & Allergies
Asthma & Allergies
All About Allergies
Millions of Americans, including many kids, have an allergy. Find out how allergies are diagnosed and how to keep them under control.
Allergy Shots
Many kids battle allergies year-round, and some can't control their symptoms with medications. For them, allergy shots (or allergen immunotherapy) can help.
Dealing With Triggers: Cockroaches
Find out how to limit exposure to cockroaches if they make your child's asthma or allergies worse.
Dealing With Triggers: Dust Mites
If dust mites make your child's asthma or allergies worse, here's how to limit exposure to them.
Dealing With Triggers: Irritants
If strong scents, smoke, and smog make your child's asthma or allergies worse, learn how to limit contact with these irritants.
Dealing With Triggers: Pollen
If pollen makes your child's asthma or allergies worse, learn how to limit exposure it.
Do Allergies Cause Asthma?
Allergies don't cause asthma, but kids who have allergies are more likely to get asthma.
Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis)
Eczema can be an itchy nuisance and cause scratching that makes the problem worse. Many kids who have eczema today will be over it by the time they're teens.
Seasonal Allergies (Hay Fever)
At various times of the year, pollen and mold spores trigger the cold-like symptoms associated with seasonal allergies. Most kids find relief through reduced exposure to allergens or with medicines.
- Asthma Basics
Asthma Basics
Asthma
Asthma makes it hard to breathe. But with treatment, the condition can be managed so that kids can still do the things they love. Learn all about asthma.
Asthma Flare-Ups
Find out how to deal with — and help prevent — asthma flare-ups ("attacks"), which is when asthma symptoms get worse.
Bronchiolitis
Bronchiolitis is a common illness of the respiratory tract caused by an infection that affects tiny airways. The best treatment for most kids with bronchiolitis is time to recover and plenty of fluids.
Lungs and Respiratory System
By the time we're 70 years old, we will have taken at least 600 million breaths. All of this breathing couldn't happen without the respiratory system.
My Baby Is Wheezing. Is it Asthma?
Find out what the experts have to say.
- Asthma Medications & Monitoring
Asthma Medications & Monitoring
Asthma Action Plan
Use this printable sheet to help reduce or prevent flare-ups and emergency department visits through day-to-day management of your child's asthma.
Asthma Diary
Use this weekly diary to record your child's asthma symptoms, peak flows, the amount of medicine taken.
Asthma Medicines
Asthma medicine comes in two main types: quick-relief and long-term control medicines. Even if a child takes a long-term control medicine regularly, quick-relief medicine is still needed to handle flare-ups.
How Can I Help My Child Cooperate While Using the Nebulizer?
Nebulizers are often used with young children because they require little effort on the child's part. But kids do need to stay in one place and cooperate. If you're having trouble giving treatments, this article is for you!
Managing Asthma
Asthma control can take a little time and energy to master, but it's worth the effort. Learn more about ways to manage your child's asthma.
Teaching Your Child How to Swallow Pills
Swallowing a pill is something that many of us take for granted. But just like any skill, learning to swallow a pill takes practice.
What Are Nebulizers and Inhalers?
Find out how these asthma tools help kids take their medicines.
What if My Child Doesn't Take His or Her Asthma Medication?
One of the best ways to help kids manage asthma, besides avoiding triggers, is to make sure they take their medicine as prescribed.
- Asthma Q&A
Asthma Q&A
Asthma Flare-Ups
Find out how to deal with — and help prevent — asthma flare-ups ("attacks"), which is when asthma symptoms get worse.
Asthma Medicines
Asthma medicine comes in two main types: quick-relief and long-term control medicines. Even if a child takes a long-term control medicine regularly, quick-relief medicine is still needed to handle flare-ups.
Can Kids and Teens With Asthma Play Sports?
Kids and teens who have asthma can and do play sports. But some activities are better than others - find out more.
Can the Weather Affect My Child's Asthma?
Sometimes, the weather can affect a child's asthma symptoms. Here are some tips for dealing with it.
Dealing With Triggers: Pets
Do pets make your child's allergies or asthma worse? Here's how to handle it.
How Can I Help My Child Cooperate While Using the Nebulizer?
Nebulizers are often used with young children because they require little effort on the child's part. But kids do need to stay in one place and cooperate. If you're having trouble giving treatments, this article is for you!
What Are Nebulizers and Inhalers?
Find out how these asthma tools help kids take their medicines.
What if My Child Doesn't Take His or Her Asthma Medication?
One of the best ways to help kids manage asthma, besides avoiding triggers, is to make sure they take their medicine as prescribed.
What's an Asthma Action Plan?
Find out how this written plan can help you care for your child with asthma.
- Asthma Resources for Educators
Asthma Resources for Educators
Asthma Factsheet (for Schools)
What teachers should know about asthma, and how to help students prevent and deal with flare-ups.
Asthma and Sports Factsheet (for Schools)
What teachers and coaches need to know about student-athletes with asthma.
Asthma: Exercise-Induced Asthma Factsheet (for Schools)
What teachers and coaches should know about students with exercise-induced asthma (EIA).
- Asthma Words to Know
Asthma Words to Know
Definition: Airway Obstruction
When we breathe, air passes through our airways (the tubes that carry air into and out of the lungs) to get to our lungs.
Definition: Allergen
An allergen is a substance that's capable of producing an allergic reaction.
Definition: Allergy-Triggered Asthma
Allergy-triggered asthma is a type of asthma commonly seen in children.
Definition: Animal Dander
All warm-blooded animals shed tiny flakes from their skin called dander (it's like dandruff in humans, but it's much harder to see).
Definition: Asthma
Asthma is a chronic lung disorder that causes airways (the tubes that carry air into and out of the lungs) to become inflamed, which means that they swell and produce lots of thick mucus.
Definition: Asthma Action Plan
An asthma action plan is a set of individualized written instructions, designed with a doctor, that detail how a person with asthma should manage his or her asthma at home.
Definition: Asthma Flare-Up
When symptoms of asthma, such as wheezing, coughing, or shortness of breath, become more severe, more frequent, or both, it's known as an asthma flare-up.
Definition: Bronchial Tubes
When a person breathes, air taken in through the nose or mouth then goes into the trachea (windpipe). From there, it passes through the bronchial tubes, into the lungs, and finally back out again. People with asthma have bronchial tubes that are inflamed.
Definition: Bronchoconstriction
Along with inflammation of the airways, bronchoconstriction leads to symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.
Definition: Bronchodilator
Bronchodilators are medications commonly used by people with asthma.
Definition: Corticosteroids
Corticosteroids are medications commonly used by people with asthma.
Definition: Cough
Cough is a common symptom in people who have asthma, although it can occur for many other reasons.
Definition: Dust Mites
Dust mites are microscopic bugs that live in household dust.
Definition: Exercise-Induced Asthma
Some people have exercise-induced asthma, which means that their asthma symptoms (such as coughing, wheezing, or shortness of breath) are triggered by exercise or physical activity.
Definition: Histamine
Histamine - a chemical found in some of the body's cells - causes many of the symptoms of allergies, such as a runny nose or sneezing.
Definition: Immunoglobulin (IgE)
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is a type of protein in the body called an antibody.
Definition: Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy, also known as allergy shots, is a form of treatment used for certain allergies.
Definition: Inhaler
Inhalers are portable handheld devices that deliver medication - in a form that the person breathes in - directly to the lungs, unlike a pill or liquid that's swallowed.
Definition: Long-Term Control Medicines
Many people with asthma need to take medicine every day to control their asthma and prevent symptoms.
Definition: Lung Function Tests
Lung (or pulmonary) function tests are a variety of tests that measure how well a person breathes.
Definition: Nebulizer
A nebulizer is an electrically powered machine that turns liquid medication into a mist so that it can be breathed directly into the lungs through a face mask or mouthpiece.
Definition: Pollen
Pollen is a fine powder produced by certain plants when they reproduce.
Definition: Quick-Relief Medicines
Quick-relief medicines are used by people with asthma to relieve asthma symptoms or to treat an asthma flare-up.
Definition: Retractions
Retractions are a sign that someone is working hard to breathe.
Definition: Spacer
People with asthma often use inhalers (also called puffers) to take their medications. A spacer (also sometimes called a holding chamber) is a device that makes using an inhaler easier and more effective.
Definition: Spirometer
A spirometer is an instrument that measures how well your child's lungs are working.
Definition: Sulfites
Sulfites are a kind of food preservative that can cause breathing difficulties in some people with asthma.
Definition: Triggers
During normal breathing, the airways to the lungs are fully open, allowing air to easily move in and out. In a person with asthma, the airways are inflamed and overly sensitive to certain things that wouldn't usually bother others. These are called triggers.
Definition: Wheezing
A wheeze is a high-pitched whistling sound made when air flows through narrowed airways in the lungs, usually when people breathe out.
What's a Peak Flow Meter?
A peak flow meter is a portable handheld device used to measure how well a person can blow air out of the lungs.
What's an Asthma Action Plan?
Find out how this written plan can help you care for your child with asthma.
- Living With Asthma
Living With Asthma
Asthma Action Plan
Use this printable sheet to help reduce or prevent flare-ups and emergency department visits through day-to-day management of your child's asthma.
Asthma Diary
Use this weekly diary to record your child's asthma symptoms, peak flows, the amount of medicine taken.
Can Kids and Teens With Asthma Play Sports?
Kids and teens who have asthma can and do play sports. But some activities are better than others - find out more.
Coronavirus (COVID-19): Caring for Your Child With Asthma
During the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, it's especially important to help protect kids with asthma from having flare-ups.
Dealing With Triggers: Cockroaches
Find out how to limit exposure to cockroaches if they make your child's asthma or allergies worse.
Dealing With Triggers: Dust Mites
If dust mites make your child's asthma or allergies worse, here's how to limit exposure to them.
Dealing With Triggers: Irritants
If strong scents, smoke, and smog make your child's asthma or allergies worse, learn how to limit contact with these irritants.
Dealing With Triggers: Mold
If mold makes your child's asthma or allergies worse, learn how to limit exposure to it.
Dealing With Triggers: Pollen
If pollen makes your child's asthma or allergies worse, learn how to limit exposure it.
How Can I Help My Child Cooperate While Using the Nebulizer?
Nebulizers are often used with young children because they require little effort on the child's part. But kids do need to stay in one place and cooperate. If you're having trouble giving treatments, this article is for you!
Managing Asthma
Asthma control can take a little time and energy to master, but it's worth the effort. Learn more about ways to manage your child's asthma.
School and Asthma
Asthma flare-ups are the main reason kids with asthma miss school. But well-managed asthma is far less likely to result in a sick day.
Traveling and Asthma
With some careful planning, kids with asthma can enjoy all the benefits of a trip away from home.
When to Go to the ER if Your Child Has Asthma
If your child has asthma, find out when you need to go to the ER.
- Personal Stories: Asthma
- Preventing Flare-Ups
Preventing Flare-Ups
Air Pollution and Asthma
Ground-level ozone and other air pollutants can trigger asthma flare-ups. But there are steps you can take to minimize your child's exposure.
Asthma Triggers
Triggers — things in the air, weather conditions, or activities — can cause asthma flare-ups. By knowing and avoiding triggers, you'll help lessen your child's asthma symptoms.
Can the Weather Affect My Child's Asthma?
Sometimes, the weather can affect a child's asthma symptoms. Here are some tips for dealing with it.
Coronavirus (COVID-19): Caring for Your Child With Asthma
During the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, it's especially important to help protect kids with asthma from having flare-ups.
Dealing With Triggers: Cockroaches
Find out how to limit exposure to cockroaches if they make your child's asthma or allergies worse.
Dealing With Triggers: Dust Mites
If dust mites make your child's asthma or allergies worse, here's how to limit exposure to them.
Dealing With Triggers: Irritants
If strong scents, smoke, and smog make your child's asthma or allergies worse, learn how to limit contact with these irritants.
Dealing With Triggers: Mold
If mold makes your child's asthma or allergies worse, learn how to limit exposure to it.
Dealing With Triggers: Pets
Do pets make your child's allergies or asthma worse? Here's how to handle it.
Dealing With Triggers: Pollen
If pollen makes your child's asthma or allergies worse, learn how to limit exposure it.
Do Allergies Cause Asthma?
Allergies don't cause asthma, but kids who have allergies are more likely to get asthma.
Exercise-Induced Asthma
Many kids with asthma have symptoms when they exercise. But with careful management, they usually can do anything their peers can do.
Secondhand Smoke
Breathing in someone else's secondhand smoke is hazardous to our health. Find out what you can do about it.
Smoking and Asthma
Being a smoker is an obvious risk for kids and teens with asthma, but just being around people who smoke - and breathing in secondhand smoke - can cause problems, too.
- Tools for Kids With Asthma
Tools for Kids With Asthma
- Asthma & Allergies
- Cancer Center Content List
Cancer Center Content List
Cancer Center
From treatments and prevention to coping with the emotional aspects of cancer, the Cancer Center provides comprehensive information that parents need.
Undifferentiated Embryonal Sarcoma of the Liver (UESL)
Undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma of the liver (UESL) is a rare kind of liver cancer that happens mostly in children.
- Body Basics: Cancer
Body Basics: Cancer
Blood
Here are the basics about the life-sustaining fluid called blood.
Blood Types
Categorizing blood according to type helps prevent reactions when someone gets a blood transfusion. Find out how blood types work.
Bones, Muscles, and Joints
Without bones, muscles, and joints, we couldn't stand, walk, run, or even sit. The musculoskeletal system supports our bodies, protects our organs from injury, and enables movement.
Brain and Nervous System
The brain controls everything we do, and is often likened to the central computer within a vast, complicated communication network, working at lightning speed.
Digestive System
The digestive process starts even before the first bite of food. Find out more about the digestive system and how our bodies break down and absorb the food we eat.
Eyes
The eyes are small compared with most of the body's other organs, but their structure is incredibly complex. Learn more about eyes, vision, and common problems with both.
Female Reproductive System
Learning about the female reproductive system, what it does, and the problems that can affect it can help you better understand your daughter's reproductive health.
Heart and Circulatory System
The heart and circulatory system are our body's lifeline, delivering blood to the body's tissues. Brush up on your ticker with this body basics article.
Immune System
The immune system, composed of special cells, proteins, tissues, and organs that protect against germs and microorganisms, is the body's defense against disease.
Kidneys and Urinary Tract
The bean-shaped kidneys, each about the size of a child's fist, are essential to our health. Their most important role is to filter blood and produce urine.
Lungs and Respiratory System
By the time we're 70 years old, we will have taken at least 600 million breaths. All of this breathing couldn't happen without the respiratory system.
Male Reproductive System
Understanding the male reproductive system and what it does can help you better understand your son's reproductive health.
Metabolism
Brush up on metabolism, the chemical reactions in the body's cells that change food into energy, in this article.
Mouth and Teeth
Our mouth and teeth play an important role in our daily lives. Here's a course on the basics - including common problems of the mouth and teeth.
Skin, Hair, and Nails
Our skin protects the network of tissues, muscles, bones, nerves, blood vessels, and everything else inside our bodies. Hair and nails are actually modified types of skin.
The Lymphatic System
The lymphatic system is an extensive drainage network that helps keep body fluid levels in balance and defends the body against infections.
- Cancer Basics
Cancer Basics
A to Z: Beta Thalassemia
Learn about genetic disorders and diseases and conditions that affect the blood.
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common type of childhood cancer. Because it develops and gets worse quickly, prompt treatment is very important. With treatment, most kids are cured.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) happens when the body makes too many immature white blood cells. Among kids with leukemia, 20% have this type. With treatment, most recover.
Alpha Thalassemia
Alpha thalassemia is a blood disorder in which the body has a problem producing alpha globin, a component of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen throughout the body.
Anemia
Anemia happens when there aren't enough healthy red blood cells in the body. It can be caused by many things, including dietary problems, medical treatments, and inherited conditions.
Beta Thalassemia
Beta thalassemia is a blood disorder in which the body has a problem producing beta globin, a component of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen throughout the body.
Brain Tumors
Brain tumors are the second most common group of childhood cancers. Treatment requires a very specialized plan involving a team of medical specialists.
Brain and Nervous System Cancers
These cancers are the most common type of cancer in children. When discovered early, they often can be cured.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy (chemo) is treatment with medicines that stop the growth of cancer cells.
Childhood Cancer
Different kinds of childhood cancer have different signs, symptoms, treatments, and outcomes. But today, most kids with cancer get better.
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
While this type of blood cancer is more common in adults, it affects children, too. Thanks to advances in therapy, most kids with CML can be cured.
Elective Surgery
Elective surgery means you and the doctor decide when the it will happen. Many elective surgeries are important, potentially life-changing operations. Here's how to plan for them.
Ewing Sarcoma
This type of cancer mainly develops in the arms, legs, ribs, spinal column, and pelvis. Early diagnosis and treatment mean most kids have a good chance of recovery.
Germ Cell Tumors
Germ cell tumors happen when reproductive cells in an unborn baby don't develop as they should.
Hepatoblastoma
Hepatoblastoma is a rare type of cancer that affects the liver but rarely spreads beyond it. Most cases are in children younger than 3.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a type of liver cancer. It's treated by a health care team of specialists in many areas.
Hodgkin Lymphoma
Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system. Most kids and teens who get Hodgkin lymphoma get better.
Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia (JMML)
Learn about this rare type of cancer, which usually affects kids under 4 years old.
Late Effects of Cancer and Cancer Treatment
Long-term side effects, or late effects, happen to many cancer survivors. With early diagnosis and proper follow-up care, most late effects can be treated or cured.
Leukemia
Leukemia refers to cancers of the white blood cells. With the proper treatment, the outlook for kids with leukemia is quite good.
Liver Tumors
Tumors happen when cells form a mass or growth. Liver tumors can be benign (not cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
Lymphoma
Lymphoma is cancer that begins in the body's lymphatic tissue. It's a common type of cancer in children, but most recover from it.
Medulloblastoma
Medulloblastoma is a type of brain tumor. Most brain tumors in children are medulloblastoma.
Melanoma
Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer. Find out how to lower your family's risk of getting melanoma and how doctors treat it.
Neuroblastoma
Learn about neuroblastoma, a rare type of childhood cancer that develops in infants and young children.
Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic condition that causes benign tumors in and under the skin, often with bone, hormone, and other problems. Learn more about how it's diagnosed and treated.
Neutropenia
Certain cancers, or cancer treatment, can weaken the immune system, requiring a child to stay home to avoid exposure to germs. Here are ways to help your child make the best of it.
Non-Hodgkin (Non-Hodgkin's) Lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (also called non-Hodgkin's lymphoma) is a is a cancer of the lymphatic system. The majority of kids with this type of cancer are cured.
Nutritional Needs for Kids With Cancer
Eating as well as possible and staying hydrated can help kids undergoing cancer treatment keep up their strength and deal with side effects. These tips can help.
Osteosarcoma
Osteosarcoma is the most common type of bone cancer. Boys are more likely to have osteosarcoma than girls, and most cases of osteosarcoma involve the knee.
Radiation Therapy
Radiation therapy, also called radiotherapy, irradiation, or X-ray therapy, is one of the most common forms of cancer treatment.
Retinoblastoma
Retinoblastoma is a childhood cancer that affects the retina, the area of the eye responsible for sensing light and sending nerve signals to the brain.
Rhabdoid Tumor of the Liver
A rhabdoid tumor of the liver is a cancer that often spreads quickly to other parts of the body. Most of these very rare tumors happen in babies and toddlers.
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS)
Rhabdomyosarcoma is a cancerous tumor that shows up in the body's soft tissues. With early diagnosis and timely treatment, most kids make a full recovery.
Testicular Cancer
Testicular cancer is uncommon in boys. Most cases are in young and middle-aged men. It responds well to treatment, especially when it’s found early.
Thrombocytopenia
Thrombocytopenia is when someone has too few platelets in their bloodstream. Many things can cause it and most can be treated.
Tunneled Central Lines
These surgically placed tubes let kids get blood drawn and receive intravenous (IV) medicines and fluids without repeated needle sticks.
Wilms Tumor
Wilms tumor is a cancer of the kidneys that usually affects newborns and the very young. Fortunately, most kids with Wilms tumor survive and go on to live normal, healthy lives.
- Cancer Q&A
Cancer Q&A
Are Tanning Salons Safe?
Find out what the experts have to say.
How Can I Help My Teen Quit Smoking for Good?
Find out what the experts say.
Minimally Invasive Surgery
Minimally invasive surgery is a type of procedure done without the use of a large incision (cut).
Should Girls Who Aren't Sexually Active Be Vaccinated Against HPV?
Find out what the experts have to say.
What Is Informed Consent?
Find out what the experts have to say.
- Cancer Treatment & Prevention
Cancer Treatment & Prevention
Anesthesia - What to Expect
Here's a quick look at what may happen before, during, and after on the day of your child's operation or procedure.
Anesthesia Basics
Knowing the basics of anesthesia may help answer your questions and ease some concerns — both yours and your child's.
Balancing Academics and Serious Illness
When your child has a serious or chronic illness, it's hard to think beyond the next treatment. But with planning and communication, you can help your child balance treatment and academics.
Caring for a Seriously Ill Child
Taking care of a chronically ill child is one of the most draining and difficult tasks a parent can face. But support groups, social workers, and family friends often can help.
Central Lines (Central Venous Catheters)
A central line, or central venous catheter, is much longer than a regular IV. Doctors use them to give medicine, fluids, blood, or nutrition to patients.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy (chemo) is treatment with medicines that stop the growth of cancer cells.
Coping With Cosmetic Effects of Cancer Treatment
It's normal for kids to have hair loss, skin changes, or weight gain during treatment. This article offers tips for helping kids feel better about their appearance.
Cord Blood Banking
Should you bank your newborn's cord blood? This article can help you decide.
Effects of Cancer Treatment on Fertility
While some cancer treatments have little to no effect on reproductive health, others are more likely cause temporary or permanent infertility.
Financial Management During Crisis
Although the emotional price of raising a seriously ill child can be devastating, it's only part of the picture. Even during this difficult time, you have to consider the financial implications.
Finding Respite Care for Your Child With Special Needs
Finding that perfect person to care for your child can be a challenge. These resources can help.
First Aid: Sunburn
You can treat mild sunburn at home. But severe sunburn needs medical attention. Here's what to do.
Gene Therapy and Children
Gene therapy carries the promise of cures for many diseases and for types of medical treatment most of us would not have thought possible.
Giving Teens a Voice in Health Care Decisions
Involving teens in their health care can help prepare them for managing it on their own as adults.
Immunotherapy to Treat Cancer
This promising new type of cancer treatment stimulates a person's immune system so it is better able to fight disease.
Implanted Ports
An implanted port is a type of central line that goes up to a vein near the heart or just inside the heart. A child can get medicine, fluids, blood, or nutrition through one.
Is a Clinical Trial Right for Your Child?
Deciding to enroll your child in a clinical study will depend on its potential benefits and risks, as well as your child's particular illness. Learn more.
Keeping Your Child Healthy During Cancer Remission
Many families with a child in remission feel empowered to make lifestyle changes that could benefit their child's health in the future. Here are some tips.
Kids and Smoking
The health risks of smoking are well known, many young people still do it. Here's how to help your kids avoid smoking, vaping, or using chewing tobacco - or quit, if they've already started.
Late Effects of Cancer and Cancer Treatment
Long-term side effects, or late effects, happen to many cancer survivors. With early diagnosis and proper follow-up care, most late effects can be treated or cured.
Managing Home Health Care
When kids need intensive health care after they're discharged from the hospital, it's important that family and caregivers learn about the devices, equipment, and support they'll need.
Medicines: Using Them Safely
Giving kids medicine safely can be complicated. Here's how you can help treat your child's illness while you prevent dangerous reactions.
Minimally Invasive Surgery
Minimally invasive surgery is a type of procedure done without the use of a large incision (cut).
Nutritional Needs for Kids With Cancer
Eating as well as possible and staying hydrated can help kids undergoing cancer treatment keep up their strength and deal with side effects. These tips can help.
Palliative Care
Palliative care provides physical, emotional, and spiritual support to sick children and their families.
Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter (PICC Line)
A PICC line is like an IV line, but is much longer and can stay in place for longer periods.
Preparing Your Child for Anesthesia
If your child needs to have an operation, you probably have plenty of questions, many of them about anesthesia.
Preparing Your Child for Visits to the Doctor
When kids know they're "going to the doctor," many become worried about the visit. Here's how to help them.
Proton Therapy for Cancer
Proton therapy is an advanced type of radiation therapy. It's an effective treatment for many childhood cancers.
Radiation Therapy
Radiation therapy, also called radiotherapy, irradiation, or X-ray therapy, is one of the most common forms of cancer treatment.
Radioembolization (TARE-Y90) for Liver Tumors
Radioembolization is a procedure used to treat some kinds of liver tumors. A radioactive material works on the tumor, not the healthy tissue around it.
Relaxation Techniques for Children With Serious Illness
Help ease your child's pain and anxiety with these exercises, complete with step-by-step instructions.
Side Effects of Chemotherapy and Radiation
Side effects of cancer treatment can include flu-like symptoms, hair loss, and blood clotting problems. After treatment ends, most side effects go away.
Stem Cell Transplants
Stem cells help rebuild a weakened immune system. Stem cell transplants are effective treatments for a wide range of diseases, including cancer.
Steroids for Treating Cancer
Unlike the steroids that body builders use, steroids used in cancer treatment are safe and help kids feel better.
Sun Safety
By teaching kids how to enjoy fun in the sun safely, parents can reduce their risk for developing skin cancer.
Taking Care of You: Support for Caregivers
It's common to put your own needs last when caring for a child you love. But to be the best you can be, you need to take care of yourself, too. Here are some tips to help you recharge.
Talking to Your Child's Doctor
Building a relationship with your child's doctor requires communication and reasonable expectations.
Talking to the Pharmacist
If your child is sick, you'll probably have many questions to ask your doctor. But have you made a list of questions and concerns to share with your pharmacist?
Teaching Your Child How to Swallow Pills
Swallowing a pill is something that many of us take for granted. But just like any skill, learning to swallow a pill takes practice.
Tunneled Central Lines
These surgically placed tubes let kids get blood drawn and receive intravenous (IV) medicines and fluids without repeated needle sticks.
Types of Anesthesia
Here's a basic look at what each kind of anesthesia does.
What Is Informed Consent?
Find out what the experts have to say.
What's a Nurse Practitioner?
What are nurse practitioners, and how do they differ from medical doctors?
Who's Who in the Hospital
Parents are likely to be stressed when a child is hospitalized, and questions about the people providing medical care and what roles they play can add to the confusion. Our guide can help.
- Cancer Words to Know
- Dealing With Feelings When Your Child Has Cancer
Dealing With Feelings When Your Child Has Cancer
Caring for Siblings of Seriously Ill Children
By being aware of what healthy siblings are going through and taking a few steps to make things a little easier for them, parents can help kids cope.
Caring for a Seriously Ill Child
Taking care of a chronically ill child is one of the most draining and difficult tasks a parent can face. But support groups, social workers, and family friends often can help.
Childhood Stress
Being a kid doesn't always mean being carefree - even the youngest tots worry. Find out what stresses kids out and how to help them cope.
Coping With Cosmetic Effects of Cancer Treatment
It's normal for kids to have hair loss, skin changes, or weight gain during treatment. This article offers tips for helping kids feel better about their appearance.
Depression
Depression is the most common mental health disorder in the U.S. If you think your child is depressed, you'll want to learn more about what depression is, what causes it, and what you can do to help.
Finding Respite Care for Your Child With Special Needs
Finding that perfect person to care for your child can be a challenge. These resources can help.
Helping Kids Handle Worry
All kids to worry at times, and some may worry more than others. But parents can help kids manage worry and tackle everyday problems with ease. Find out how.
Keeping Your Child Healthy During Cancer Remission
Many families with a child in remission feel empowered to make lifestyle changes that could benefit their child's health in the future. Here are some tips.
Normal Childhood Fears
It's normal for children to feel afraid at times. Parents can help kids feel safe and learn to feel at ease.
Relaxation Techniques for Children With Serious Illness
Help ease your child's pain and anxiety with these exercises, complete with step-by-step instructions.
Taking Care of You: Support for Caregivers
It's common to put your own needs last when caring for a child you love. But to be the best you can be, you need to take care of yourself, too. Here are some tips to help you recharge.
What Kids Say About: Handling Stress
In a KidsHealth® KidsPoll, kids talked about what they stress about the most, how they cope with these feelings, and how they want parents to help.
- Diagnostic Tests for Cancer
Diagnostic Tests for Cancer
Biopsies
Doctors order biopsies to examine tissue or cells when they're concerned about a problem such as an infection, inflammation, or cancer.
Blood Test: Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST, or SGOT)
An aspartate aminotransferase (AST) blood test is often part of an initial screening for liver problems.
Blood Test: Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP)
A basic metabolic panel (BMP), commonly ordered as part of routine medical exam, is a set of blood tests that gives information about sugar (glucose) and calcium levels, kidney function, and electrolyte and fluid balance.
Blood Test: Complete Blood Count
The complete blood count (CBC) is the most common blood test. It analyzes red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Blood Test: Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP)
A comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) blood test helps evaluate kidney and liver function, sugar (glucose) and protein levels in the blood, and electrolyte and fluid balance.
Blood Test: Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
An erythrocyte sedimentation rate test (ESR) detects inflammation that may be caused by infection and some autoimmune diseases.
Blood Test: Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)
Lactate dehydrogenase (also called lactic acid dehydrogenase, or LDH) is an enzyme found in almost all body tissues. The LDH test is generally used to screen for tissue damage.
Blood Test: Magnesium
Doctors do this test to assess blood levels of magnesium, which helps the muscles and nerves function, the heart maintain normal rhythm, the bones stay strong, and the body process energy and make proteins.
Blood Test: Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT)
A partial thromboplastin time (PTT) test is used to evaluate blood's ability to clot. It may be done as part of an evaluation for a bleeding disorder or to monitor the effects of blood-thinning medicine.
Blood Test: Phosphorus
Doctors may order a phosphorus blood test to help diagnose or monitor kidney disorders, calcium and bone problems, or other conditions.
Blood Test: Uric Acid
Doctors may order this test if they suspect high levels of uric acid in the bloodstream. Some kids with leukemia or other types of cancer can have high levels of uric acid (hyperuricemia).
CAT Scan: Abdomen
An abdominal CAT scan can detect inflammation, infection, injury or disease in the liver, spleen, kidneys, bladder, stomach, bowel, pancreas, adrenal glands, blood vessels, and lymph nodes.
CAT Scan: Chest
A chest CAT scan is a painless test that uses a special X-ray machine to take black-and-white pictures of a patient's lungs, heart, blood vessels, airway passages, ribs and lymph nodes.
CAT Scan: Head
A head CAT scan is a painless test that uses a special X-ray machine to take pictures of a patient's brain, skull, and sinuses, as well as blood vessels in the head. It might be done to check for any number of conditions.
CAT Scan: Neck
A neck CAT scan can detect signs of disease in the throat and surrounding areas. Doctors may order one to detect abscesses, birth defects, cysts, or tumors.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a safe and painless test that uses a magnetic field and radio waves to produce detailed pictures of the body's organs and structures.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Brain
A brain MRI, a safe and painless test that produces detailed images of the brain and the brain stem, can help detect cysts, tumors, bleeding, and other problems.
Spinal Tap (Lumbar Puncture)
Find out how and why doctors perform lumbar punctures (spinal taps).
Ultrasound: Abdomen
Doctors order abdominal ultrasounds when they're concerned about symptoms such as abdominal pain, repeated vomiting, abnormal liver or kidney function tests, or a swollen belly.
- Cerebral Palsy Center Content List
Cerebral Palsy Center Content List
Cerebral Palsy (CP)
Learn all about cerebral palsy (CP), one of the most common congenital disorders of childhood. Help your child or teen manage the condition, and find the help and services that kids with CP are entitled to.
Cerebral Palsy Checklist: Babies & Preschoolers
If your child has cerebral palsy, there's a lot to know. This checklist makes it easy to find out what programs and services may be available to you.
Cerebral Palsy Checklist: Big Kids
If you have a school-age child with cerebral palsy, there's a lot to know. This checklist makes it easy to find out what programs and services may be available to you.
- Body Basics: Cerebral Palsy
Body Basics: Cerebral Palsy
Blood
Here are the basics about the life-sustaining fluid called blood.
Bones, Muscles, and Joints
Without bones, muscles, and joints, we couldn't stand, walk, run, or even sit. The musculoskeletal system supports our bodies, protects our organs from injury, and enables movement.
Brain and Nervous System
The brain controls everything we do, and is often likened to the central computer within a vast, complicated communication network, working at lightning speed.
Digestive System
The digestive process starts even before the first bite of food. Find out more about the digestive system and how our bodies break down and absorb the food we eat.
Ears
Hearing may be the ears' main job, but it's not all they do. Learn all about the ears in this Body Basics article.
Endocrine System
The glands of the endocrine system and the hormones they release affect almost every cell, organ, and function of our bodies.
Eyes
The eyes are small compared with most of the body's other organs, but their structure is incredibly complex. Learn more about eyes, vision, and common problems with both.
Female Reproductive System
Learning about the female reproductive system, what it does, and the problems that can affect it can help you better understand your daughter's reproductive health.
Heart and Circulatory System
The heart and circulatory system are our body's lifeline, delivering blood to the body's tissues. Brush up on your ticker with this body basics article.
Immune System
The immune system, composed of special cells, proteins, tissues, and organs that protect against germs and microorganisms, is the body's defense against disease.
Kidneys and Urinary Tract
The bean-shaped kidneys, each about the size of a child's fist, are essential to our health. Their most important role is to filter blood and produce urine.
Lungs and Respiratory System
By the time we're 70 years old, we will have taken at least 600 million breaths. All of this breathing couldn't happen without the respiratory system.
Male Reproductive System
Understanding the male reproductive system and what it does can help you better understand your son's reproductive health.
Metabolism
Brush up on metabolism, the chemical reactions in the body's cells that change food into energy, in this article.
Mouth and Teeth
Our mouth and teeth play an important role in our daily lives. Here's a course on the basics - including common problems of the mouth and teeth.
Skin, Hair, and Nails
Our skin protects the network of tissues, muscles, bones, nerves, blood vessels, and everything else inside our bodies. Hair and nails are actually modified types of skin.
The Lymphatic System
The lymphatic system is an extensive drainage network that helps keep body fluid levels in balance and defends the body against infections.
- CP Resources for Educators
CP Resources for Educators
Cerebral Palsy Factsheet (for Schools)
What teachers should know about cerebral palsy, and teaching strategies to help students with CP succeed in school.
Hearing Impairments Factsheet (for Schools)
What teachers should know about hearing impairments, and how to help students who have one succeed in school.
Incontinence Factsheet (for Schools)
What teachers need to know about incontinence, and how to help students with the condition succeed in school.
Language Impairments Factsheet (for Schools)
What teachers should know about language impairments, and how to help students with language impairments do their best in school.
Limited Mobility Factsheet (for Schools)
What teachers should know about students with limited mobility, and how teachers can help them in the classroom.
Speech Impairments Factsheet (for Schools)
What teachers should know about students with speech impairments, and what teachers can do to help them succeed in school.
Speech and Language Impairments Factsheet (for Schools)
What teachers should know about speech and language impairments, and how to help students with impairments succeed in school.
Visual Impairments Factsheet (for Schools)
What teachers should know about visual impairments, and how to help students with vision problems succeed in school.
- Cerebral Palsy and Related Conditions
Cerebral Palsy and Related Conditions
A to Z: Abnormality of Gait (Gait Abnormality)
Abnormality of gait (or gait abnormality) is an unusual walking pattern or style.
A to Z: Cerebral Palsy, Infantile
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a brain disorder that affects muscle tone and motor skills (the ability to coordinate body movements).
A to Z: Coxa Valga
A to Z: Coxa Valga
A to Z: Failure to Thrive
Failure to thrive refers to a child's inability to gain weight and grow as expected for kids of the same age and gender. Most diagnoses are made in the first few years of life.
A to Z: Flat Foot
Flat foot is a condition in which the arches on the inside of a person's foot have less curve to them or are flat, so that the entire sole of the foot rests on the ground when the person is standing.
A to Z: Hemiplegia
Learn about congenital disorders and conditions that affect the brain and central nervous system.
A to Z: Hyperopia
Hyperopia is farsightedness, a common condition in which someone can see things in the distance clearly, but things that are closer appear blurry.
A to Z: Hypoxemia
Hypoxemia is a condition in which there is a lower than normal level of oxygen in the blood.
A to Z: Myopia
Myopia is nearsightedness, a common condition in which someone can see things that are close clearly, but things that are farther away appear blurry.
A to Z: Neurogenic Bladder
The term neurogenic bladder refers to a bladder that doesn't function properly because of nervous damage.
A to Z: Quadriplegia
Learn about complications of spinal cord injuries and conditions that affect the central nervous system.
A to Z: Scoliosis
Learn about scoliosis, an abnormal curvature in the spine often detected just before puberty begins.
A to Z: Tetraplegia
Learn about complications of spinal cord injuries and conditions that affect the central nervous system.
Apnea of Prematurity
Apnea of prematurity (AOP) is a condition in which premature infants stop breathing for 15 to 20 seconds during sleep. AOP usually goes away on its own as a baby matures.
Ataxic Cerebral Palsy
Kids with ataxic CP have trouble with balance. They may walk with their legs farther apart than other kids. And they can have trouble knowing exactly where something is.
Birth Defects
Some birth defects are minor and cause no problems; others cause major disabilities. Learn about the different types of birth defects, and how to help prevent them.
Cerebral Palsy
Cerebral palsy (CP) affects a child's muscle tone, movement, and more. This article explains causes, diagnosis, treatment, and coping.
Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy
Dyskinetic CP, or athetoid CP, is a type of CP. Kids with dyskinetic CP have trouble controlling muscle movement.
Failure to Thrive
Most kids grow well but some have ”failure to thrive.” This means they don't gain weight as expected and may not grow as tall as they should.
Kyphosis
Everyone's spine is slightly rounded forward at a gentle angle. If this angle is too pronounced, more than 50 degrees or so, it's called kyphosis, also known as roundback or hunchback.
Retinopathy of Prematurity
Retinopathy of prematurity, which can happen in premature babies, causes abnormal blood vessel growth in the retina. Some children will need surgery to prevent vision loss or blindness.
Scoliosis
Scoliosis makes a person’s spine curve from side to side. Large curves can cause health problems like pain or breathing trouble. Health care providers treat scoliosis with back braces or surgery when needed.
Spastic Cerebral Palsy
Kids with spastic CP have stiff muscles in the upper part of the body, the lower part, or both.
Spina Bifida
Spina bifida is a birth defect that involves the incomplete development of the spinal cord or its coverings. It's usually detected before a baby is born and treated right away.
When Your Baby Has a Birth Defect
If your child has a birth defect, you don't have to go it alone - many people and resources are available to help you.
- Daily Life
Daily Life
Assistive Devices: Positioning Aids (Slideshow)
Kids with special needs have many options when it comes to supportive seats. View this slideshow to see what's available.
Assistive Devices: Walking and Mobility (Slideshow)
Kids who have trouble walking have many options when it comes to getting around. View the slideshow below to learn more.
Camps for Kids With Special Needs
There are many camp choices for kids with special needs. From highly specialized camps to regular camps that accommodate kids with special needs, options abound.
Caring for Siblings of Kids With Special Needs
Kids love their siblings. Often, those who have a brother or sister with special needs want to help. Here's how to help them feel loved and secure about their place in the family.
Caring for Siblings of Seriously Ill Children
By being aware of what healthy siblings are going through and taking a few steps to make things a little easier for them, parents can help kids cope.
Caring for a Seriously Ill Child
Taking care of a chronically ill child is one of the most draining and difficult tasks a parent can face. But support groups, social workers, and family friends often can help.
Cerebral Palsy Checklist: Babies & Preschoolers
If your child has cerebral palsy, there's a lot to know. This checklist makes it easy to find out what programs and services may be available to you.
Cerebral Palsy Checklist: Big Kids
If you have a school-age child with cerebral palsy, there's a lot to know. This checklist makes it easy to find out what programs and services may be available to you.
Cerebral Palsy Checklist: Teens & Young Adults
If your teen has cerebral palsy, there's a lot to know. This checklist makes it easy to determine what programs and services might be needed as your teen nears adulthood.
Cerebral Palsy: A Parent's Guide (Video)
Are you raising a child with cerebral palsy? This guide offers advice, resources, and support so that you can help your child reach his or her full potential.
Cerebral Palsy: Shannon's Story (Video)
Shannon has cerebral palsy, which limits many abilities. But her wheelchair and her communication device give her the freedom to explore, and a voice to be heard.
Disciplining Your Child With Special Needs
Here's how to set boundaries and communicate your expectations in a nurturing, loving way.
Financial Management During Crisis
Although the emotional price of raising a seriously ill child can be devastating, it's only part of the picture. Even during this difficult time, you have to consider the financial implications.
Financial Planning for Kids With Special Needs
These 10 steps can help take the anxiety and worry out of your child's financial future and make sure that your child will be taken care of even after you're gone.
Finding Respite Care for Your Child With Special Needs
Finding that perfect person to care for your child can be a challenge. These resources can help.
Special Education: Getting Help for Your Child
Kids with special needs may quality for services to help with learning. Here is a guide to getting the help your child needs.
Special Needs: Planning for Adulthood (Video)
With info on financial and health care benefits to employment and housing options, this video series can help you plan for your child's future.
Support for Parents of Kids With Special Needs
You might have more on your plate than most parents, but it doesn't mean you have to do it all alone. Here's how to ask for help and avoid caregiver burnout.
Taking Care of You: Support for Caregivers
It's common to put your own needs last when caring for a child you love. But to be the best you can be, you need to take care of yourself, too. Here are some tips to help you recharge.
The WREX Orthosis (Assistive Device)
The WREX is an assistive device that kids can wear to help them if they have weak arms.
- En español
En español
Bancos de sangre de cordón umbilical
El cordón umbilical contiene vasos sanguíneos que ayudan a trasportar oxígeno y sangre rica en nutrientes hacia el cuerpo del bebé, y a llevarse sangre rica en productos de desecho desde el cuerpo del bebé.
Todo sobre la genética
Gracias a los avances en investigación médica, los médicos ahora cuentan con herramientas que les permiten entender más sobre cómo las enfermedades, o los riesgos de sufrir de ciertas enfermedades, pasan de una generación a otra.
Viajar en avión y los oídos de su hijo
Muchos de nosotros hemos tenido esa sensación extraña de que se nos taponan los oídos cuando volamos en avión. Para los niños esa sensación puede parecer aún más rara y llegarles incluso a asustar.
- Financial Planning
Financial Planning
Cerebral Palsy Checklist: Teens & Young Adults
If your teen has cerebral palsy, there's a lot to know. This checklist makes it easy to determine what programs and services might be needed as your teen nears adulthood.
Financial Management During Crisis
Although the emotional price of raising a seriously ill child can be devastating, it's only part of the picture. Even during this difficult time, you have to consider the financial implications.
Financial Planning for Kids With Special Needs
These 10 steps can help take the anxiety and worry out of your child's financial future and make sure that your child will be taken care of even after you're gone.
Special Needs: Planning for Adulthood (Video)
With info on financial and health care benefits to employment and housing options, this video series can help you plan for your child's future.
- Managing Health Care
Managing Health Care
A to Z: Vitamin D Deficiency
Vitamin D deficiency is a condition that happens when a person isn't getting enough vitamin D, which is needed for strong bones and overall health.
All About Genetics
Read the basics about genetics, including how certain illnesses, or increased risks for certain illnesses, pass from generation to generation.
Basic Blood Chemistry Tests
Doctors order basic blood chemistry tests to assess a wide range of conditions and the function of organs.
Blood Test: Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT, or SGPT)
An alanine aminotransferase (ALT) blood test is often part of an initial screening for liver disease.
Blood Test: Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST, or SGOT)
An aspartate aminotransferase (AST) blood test is often part of an initial screening for liver problems.
Blood Test: Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP)
A basic metabolic panel (BMP), commonly ordered as part of routine medical exam, is a set of blood tests that gives information about sugar (glucose) and calcium levels, kidney function, and electrolyte and fluid balance.
Blood Test: Bilirubin
Doctors may order bilirubin blood tests for infants or older kids if they see signs of the skin taking on the yellow discoloration known as jaundice.
Blood Test: Complete Blood Count
The complete blood count (CBC) is the most common blood test. It analyzes red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Blood Test: Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP)
A comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) blood test helps evaluate kidney and liver function, sugar (glucose) and protein levels in the blood, and electrolyte and fluid balance.
Blood Test: Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGT)
Testing for GGT helps doctors look for problems with the liver or bile ducts.
Blood Test: Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells. A hemoglobin test can be done as part of a routine checkup to screen for problems and or because a child isn't feeling well.
Blood Test: Hepatic (Liver) Function Panel
Liver function tests can help doctors see if the liver has been damaged. They also can help diagnose infections and monitor medications that can cause liver-related side effects.
Blood Test: Insulin
This test is often used to evaluate the cause of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) or any other conditions related to abnormal insulin production.
Blood Test: Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)
Lactate dehydrogenase (also called lactic acid dehydrogenase, or LDH) is an enzyme found in almost all body tissues. The LDH test is generally used to screen for tissue damage.
Blood Test: Lead
In babies and young kids whose brains are still developing, even a small amount of lead can cause learning disabilities and behavioral problems. A lead test can determine the amount of lead in the blood.
Blood Test: Lipase
A lipase test may be done if a child has signs of a problem with the pancreas, such as belly pain, nausea, or vomiting.
Blood Test: Magnesium
Doctors do this test to assess blood levels of magnesium, which helps the muscles and nerves function, the heart maintain normal rhythm, the bones stay strong, and the body process energy and make proteins.
Blood Test: Phosphorus
Doctors may order a phosphorus blood test to help diagnose or monitor kidney disorders, calcium and bone problems, or other conditions.
Blood Test: Valproic Acid
Doctors may order a blood test for valproic acid, an anticonvulsant drug prescribed mainly to prevent seizures, to monitor how well the liver is processing the medication.
CAT Scan: Abdomen
An abdominal CAT scan can detect inflammation, infection, injury or disease in the liver, spleen, kidneys, bladder, stomach, bowel, pancreas, adrenal glands, blood vessels, and lymph nodes.
CAT Scan: Head
A head CAT scan is a painless test that uses a special X-ray machine to take pictures of a patient's brain, skull, and sinuses, as well as blood vessels in the head. It might be done to check for any number of conditions.
Caring for a Seriously Ill Child
Taking care of a chronically ill child is one of the most draining and difficult tasks a parent can face. But support groups, social workers, and family friends often can help.
Cerebral Palsy: A Parent's Guide (Video)
Are you raising a child with cerebral palsy? This guide offers advice, resources, and support so that you can help your child reach his or her full potential.
Dietary Needs for Kids With Cerebral Palsy
Kids with cerebral palsy often have trouble eating. But with the right diet and feeding techniques, they can get the nutrients needed to thrive.
ECG (Electrocardiogram)
Is your child scheduled to have an ECG? Find out how this test is performed and when you can expect the results.
EEG (Electroencephalogram)
Is your child scheduled to have an EEG? Find out how this test is done and when you can expect the results.
Gastrostomy Tube (G-Tube)
Some kids have medical problems that prevent them from being able to take adequate nutrition by mouth. A gastrostomy tube (also called a G-tube) delivers nutrition directly to the stomach.
Genetic Testing
Advances in genetic testing help doctors diagnose and treat certain illnesses. The type of test done depends on which condition a doctor checks for.
Giving Teens a Voice in Health Care Decisions
Involving teens in their health care can help prepare them for managing it on their own as adults.
Hearing Evaluation in Children
Hearing problems can be overcome if they're caught early, so it's important to get your child's hearing screened early and checked regularly.
How to Find Affordable Health Care
Finding coverage for your kids may be difficult, but it's not impossible. Many kids are eligible for government or community programs, even if their parents work. Learn what resources are available to your family.
Is a Clinical Trial Right for Your Child?
Deciding to enroll your child in a clinical study will depend on its potential benefits and risks, as well as your child's particular illness. Learn more.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a safe and painless test that uses a magnetic field and radio waves to produce detailed pictures of the body's organs and structures.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Brain
A brain MRI, a safe and painless test that produces detailed images of the brain and the brain stem, can help detect cysts, tumors, bleeding, and other problems.
Managing Home Health Care
When kids need intensive health care after they're discharged from the hospital, it's important that family and caregivers learn about the devices, equipment, and support they'll need.
Occupational Therapy
Occupational therapy can help improve kids' cognitive, physical, and motor skills and build their self-esteem and sense of accomplishment.
Physical Therapy
Doctors often recommend physical therapy for kids who have been injured or have movement problems from an illness, disease, or disability. Learn more about PT.
Prenatal Genetic Counseling
Genetic counselors work with people who are either planning to have a baby or are pregnant to determine whether they carry the genes for certain inherited disorders. Find out more.
Preparing Your Child for Anesthesia
If your child needs to have an operation, you probably have plenty of questions, many of them about anesthesia.
Preparing Your Child for Visits to the Doctor
When kids know they're "going to the doctor," many become worried about the visit. Here's how to help them.
Spinal Tap (Lumbar Puncture)
Find out how and why doctors perform lumbar punctures (spinal taps).
Spirometry
Spirometry measures how much and how quickly someone breathes in and out. It can help diagnose and monitor diseases that make it hard to breathe.
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a combination of problems caused by a birth defect that changes the way blood flows through the heart.
Ultrasound: Abdomen
Doctors order abdominal ultrasounds when they're concerned about symptoms such as abdominal pain, repeated vomiting, abnormal liver or kidney function tests, or a swollen belly.
Ultrasound: Bladder
Doctors order bladder ultrasounds when there's a concern about bladder problems, such as difficulty urinating or daytime wetting.
Ultrasound: Head
Doctors order head ultrasounds when there's a concern about neurological problems in an infant.
Ultrasound: Renal (Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder)
A renal ultrasound makes images of your child's kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Doctors may order this test if they suspect kidney damage, cysts, tumors, kidney stones, or complications from urinary tract infections.
Urine Test: 24-Hour Analysis for Kidney Stones
This test can show if certain substances are found at high concentrations in the urine, and might be causing kidney stones.
Urine Test: Automated Dipstick Urinalysis
Automated dipstick urinalysis results may point to a urinary tract infection (UTI) or injury, kidney disease, or diabetes.
Urine Test: Calcium
A urine calcium test can help monitor or determine the cause of kidney stones and other kidney diseases, or detect overactivity or underactivity in the parathyroid glands.
Urine Test: Dipstick
A urine dipstick test is often done as part of an overall urinalysis. The results of this test can help doctors diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI), kidney disease, diabetes, or a urinary tract injury.
Urine Test: Microscopic Urinalysis
A microscopic urinalysis can help detect a urinary tract infection (UTI), kidney problems, diabetes, or a urinary tract injury.
Urine Tests
Is your child having a urine culture or urinalysis performed? Find out why urine tests are performed, and what to expect when the doctor orders them.
Vitamin D
Vitamin D is needed for strong bones, but is hard to come by because it's found in few foods. Here's how to make sure kids get enough vitamin D.
Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG)
A VCUG can help evaluate the bladder's size and shape, and look for problems, such as a blockage. It can also show whether pee is moving in the right direction.
What Is Informed Consent?
Find out what the experts have to say.
Words to Know (Special Needs Glossary)
When your child has a disability and needs services, there's a lot you need to know. This glossary defines terms on health care, government benefits, learning, legal and financial matters, and more.
X-Ray Exam: Abdomen
An abdominal X-ray can help find the cause of many abdominal problems, such as pain, kidney stones, intestinal blockage, a hole in the intestine, or an abdominal mass such as a tumor.
X-Ray Exam: Chest
A chest X-ray is a safe and painless test that uses a small amount of radiation to take a picture of a person's chest, including the heart, lungs, diaphragm, lymph nodes, upper spine, ribs, collarbone, and breastbone.
X-Ray Exam: Hip
A hip X-ray can help find the cause of symptoms such as limping, pain, tenderness, swelling, or deformity in the hip area. It can detect broken bones or a dislocated joint.
X-Ray Exam: Pelvis
A pelvis X-ray can help find the cause pain, swelling, or deformity in the pelvic, hip, or upper leg regions, and can detect broken bones.
X-Ray Exam: Scoliosis
Kids with scoliosis have a spine that curves, like an S or a C. If scoliosis is suspected, a doctor may order X-rays to measure the curvature of the spine.
X-Ray Exam: Upper Gastrointestinal Tract (Upper GI)
An upper GI X-ray can help find the cause of swallowing difficulties, unexplained vomiting, abdominal discomfort, severe indigestion, ulcers, reflux, hiatal hernia, or blockages.
- Movies for Parents of Kids with CP
Movies for Parents of Kids with CP
Cerebral Palsy: A Parent's Guide (Video)
Are you raising a child with cerebral palsy? This guide offers advice, resources, and support so that you can help your child reach his or her full potential.
Cerebral Palsy: Ira's Story (Video)
Ira has cerebral palsy (CP), but it doesn't interfere with his love of sports or his dream of being a broadcaster. Check out this video.
Cerebral Palsy: Parents Talk (Video)
Get advice from parents raising kids with cerebral palsy. Learn what works, what doesn’t, and what helped these families the most.
Cerebral Palsy: Shannon's Story (Video)
Shannon has cerebral palsy, which limits many abilities. But her wheelchair and her communication device give her the freedom to explore, and a voice to be heard.
Special Needs: Planning for Adulthood (Video)
With info on financial and health care benefits to employment and housing options, this video series can help you plan for your child's future.
- School & Learning
School & Learning
504 Education Plans
If your child has special needs in the classroom, he or she may be eligible for a government-supported learning plan.
Balancing Academics and Serious Illness
When your child has a serious or chronic illness, it's hard to think beyond the next treatment. But with planning and communication, you can help your child balance treatment and academics.
Camps for Kids With Special Needs
There are many camp choices for kids with special needs. From highly specialized camps to regular camps that accommodate kids with special needs, options abound.
Cerebral Palsy: A Parent's Guide (Video)
Are you raising a child with cerebral palsy? This guide offers advice, resources, and support so that you can help your child reach his or her full potential.
Individualized Education Programs (IEPs)
Some kids may be eligible for individualized education programs in public schools, free of charge. Understanding how to access these services can help you be an effective advocate for your child.
Special Education: Getting Help for Your Child
Kids with special needs may quality for services to help with learning. Here is a guide to getting the help your child needs.
- Support for Caregivers
Support for Caregivers
Cerebral Palsy: Parents Talk (Video)
Get advice from parents raising kids with cerebral palsy. Learn what works, what doesn’t, and what helped these families the most.
Support for Parents of Kids With Special Needs
You might have more on your plate than most parents, but it doesn't mean you have to do it all alone. Here's how to ask for help and avoid caregiver burnout.
Taking Care of You: Support for Caregivers
It's common to put your own needs last when caring for a child you love. But to be the best you can be, you need to take care of yourself, too. Here are some tips to help you recharge.
- Concussions
Concussions
Concussions
Concussions are serious injuries that can be even more serious if kids don't get the time and rest needed to heal them completely.
Concussions Factsheet (for Schools)
What teachers should know about concussions and the healing process.
How Can Parents Help Prevent Concussions?
Concussions are serious injuries. Here's how to help protect kids and teens from these mild traumatic brain injuries.
Is It OK for Kids to Sleep After a Possible Concussion?
Find out what the experts have to say.
- Diabetes Center Content List
Diabetes Center Content List
Diabetes Center
Does your child have type 1 or type 2 diabetes? Learn how to manage the disease and keep your child healthy.
Transition of Care: Diabetes
Most teens with diabetes should transition to an adult health care provider when they're between 18 and 21 years old. Here's how parents can help them do that.
- Diabetes Basics
Diabetes Basics
Can Diabetes Be Prevented?
Parents want to protect their kids from everything, which is virtually impossible, of course. But can you prevent your child from getting diabetes?
Diabetes Control: Why It's Important
You've probably heard your child's doctor talk a lot about diabetes control. What is it and why is it important?
Diabetes Movie
What is diabetes and how does it affect the body? Watch this video to find out!
Diabetes: Dealing With Feelings
If your child has diabetes, you may spend a lot of time thinking about the physical effects. But it's also important to understand the emotional issues surrounding a diabetes diagnosis.
Endocrine System
The glands of the endocrine system and the hormones they release affect almost every cell, organ, and function of our bodies.
Hyperglycemia and Diabetic Ketoacidosis
When blood glucose levels (also called blood sugar levels) are too high, it's called hyperglycemia. A major goal in controlling diabetes is to keep blood sugar levels as close to the desired range as possible.
Hypoglycemia
When blood glucose levels drop too low, it's called hypoglycemia. Very low blood sugar levels can cause severe symptoms that require immediate treatment.
Insulin Resistance
Insulin resistance happens when the body does not respond properly to insulin. It can can raise a child's risk for type 2 diabetes and other health problems.
Kidneys and Urinary Tract
The bean-shaped kidneys, each about the size of a child's fist, are essential to our health. Their most important role is to filter blood and produce urine.
Metabolic Syndrome
Metabolic syndrome is a group of health problems that put kids at risk for heart disease and diabetes. With lifestyle changes, many kids improve their health and reduce their risk of disease.
Metabolism
Brush up on metabolism, the chemical reactions in the body's cells that change food into energy, in this article.
Other Diseases That Are More Common in People With Type 1 Diabetes
Kids and teens with type 1 diabetes have a greater risk for thyroid disease, celiac disease, and Addison's disease. Learn more about these autoimmune disorders.
Overweight and Obesity
Preventing kids from becoming overweight means making choices in the way your family eats and exercises, and how you spend time together.
Treating Type 1 Diabetes
For kids diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, it's important to create a diabetes management plan to help them manage the condition and stay healthy and active.
Treating Type 2 Diabetes
Kids who are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes will need a diabetes management plan to help them manage the condition and stay healthy and active.
Type 1 Diabetes: What Is It?
Every year in the United States, 13,000 children are diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. With some practical knowledge, you can become your child's most important ally in learning to live with the disease.
Type 2 Diabetes: What Is It?
Learning what you can about type 2 diabetes will let you help your child manage and live with the disease. Here are the basics.
Weight and Diabetes
A balanced diet and an active lifestyle are important for kids with diabetes because weight can influence diabetes, and diabetes can influence weight.
What Is Gestational Diabetes?
Find out what the experts have to say.
- Diabetes Management Tools
- Diabetes Medications & Monitoring
Diabetes Medications & Monitoring
Blood Glucose Record
If your child has diabetes, you can use this printable sheet to record his or her blood glucose levels.
Diabetes Control: Why It's Important
You've probably heard your child's doctor talk a lot about diabetes control. What is it and why is it important?
Helping Kids Deal With Injections and Blood Tests
Blood tests and insulin injections can be a challenge for kids with diabetes and their parents. Here are some strategies for coping with these necessary procedures.
How to Give an Insulin Injection
This step-by-step graphic shows how to give an insulin injection.
Medicines for Diabetes
Whether your child is taking insulin or pills (or both) to control diabetes, it's important to learn how diabetes medicines work.
Monitoring Blood Sugar
To keep blood sugar levels under control, you have to check them regularly. Learn about checking and recording your child's blood sugar levels.
Teaching Your Child How to Swallow Pills
Swallowing a pill is something that many of us take for granted. But just like any skill, learning to swallow a pill takes practice.
- Diabetes Q&As
Diabetes Q&As
Can Diabetes Be Prevented?
Parents want to protect their kids from everything, which is virtually impossible, of course. But can you prevent your child from getting diabetes?
Type 1 Diabetes: What Is It?
Every year in the United States, 13,000 children are diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. With some practical knowledge, you can become your child's most important ally in learning to live with the disease.
Type 2 Diabetes: What Is It?
Learning what you can about type 2 diabetes will let you help your child manage and live with the disease. Here are the basics.
What Is Gestational Diabetes?
Find out what the experts have to say.
- Diabetes Words to Know
Diabetes Words to Know
Definition: Autoimmunity
Sometimes the immune system makes a mistake and attacks the body's own tissues or organs. This is called autoimmunity.
Definition: Beta Cells
Beta cells are cells that make insulin.
Definition: Blood Glucose Level
The blood glucose level is the amount of glucose in the blood.
Definition: Blood Glucose Meter
A blood glucose meter is a small, portable machine that's used to measure how much glucose (a type of sugar) is in the blood.
Definition: Bolus
For a person with diabetes, a bolus is a dose of insulin taken to handle a rise in blood glucose.
Definition: Carbohydrate
All carbohydrates break down into simple sugars, which are absorbed into the bloodstream.
Definition: Carbohydrate Counting
Many people with diabetes use carbohydrate ("carb") counting to estimate the amount of carbohydrate in the foods they eat.
Definition: Certified Diabetes Educators (CDEs)
Certified diabetes educators are health care professionals who specialize in treating people with diabetes.
Definition: Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes mellitus (sometimes called "sugar diabetes") is a condition that occurs when the body can't use glucose (a type of sugar) normally.
Definition: Exchange Meal Plan
Many people with diabetes use a food-balancing program called the exchange meal plan to guide what they eat each day.
Definition: Fats
The body uses fat as a fuel source, and fat is the major storage form of energy in the body.
Definition: Fatty Acids
Fatty acids are the building blocks of the fat in our bodies and in the food we eat.
Definition: Glucagon
Glucagon is a hormone that raises the level of glucose (a type of sugar) in the blood.
Definition: Glucose
Glucose is the main type of sugar in the blood and is the major source of energy for the body's cells.
Definition: Glycemic Index
The glycemic index measures how fast and how much a food raises blood glucose levels.
Definition: Glycogen
When the body doesn't need to use the glucose for energy, it stores it in the liver and muscles. This stored form of glucose is made up of many connected glucose molecules and is called glycogen.
Definition: Glycosylated Hemoglobin Test (Hemoglobin A1c)
The glycosylated hemoglobin test shows what a person's average blood glucose level was for the 2 to 3 months before the test. This can help determine how well a person's diabetes is being controlled over time.
Definition: Hormones
Hormones are chemical substances that act like messenger molecules in the body.
Definition: Hyperglycemia
Hyperglycemia occurs when the level of glucose in the blood is higher than it should be.
Definition: Hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia occurs when the level of glucose in the blood is lower than it should be.
Definition: Insulin
Insulin is a hormone that lowers the level of glucose (a type of sugar) in the blood.
Definition: Insulin Injections
Although researchers are testing other ways to give insulin, it's only available now in a form that must be injected just under the skin.
Definition: Insulin Pump
An insulin pump is an insulin-delivering device that's used by some people with diabetes.
Definition: Insulin Resistance
Insulin resistance occurs when the body doesn't respond as well to the insulin that the pancreas is making and glucose is less able to enter the cells.
Definition: Islet Cells
The pancreas contains clusters of cells that produce hormones. These clusters are known as islets.
Definition: Ketoacidosis
Ketoacidosis is a severe life-threatening condition requiring immediate treatment. Symptoms of ketoacidosis include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, rapid breathing, and, in severe cases, unconsciousness.
Definition: Ketones
When fats are broken down for energy, chemicals called ketones appear in the blood and urine.
Definition: Kidney
The kidneys are a pair of organs that are found on either side of the spine, just below the rib cage in the back.
Definition: Nephropathy
Nephropathy is a medical term for kidney disease.
Definition: Neuropathy
Neuropathy is a medical term for disease of the nervous system.
Definition: Pancreas
The pancreas is a long, flat gland that lies in the abdomen behind the stomach.
Definition: Pediatric Endocrinologist
A pediatric endocrinologist is a doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of children with diseases of the endocrine system, such as diabetes and growth disorders.
Definition: Polydipsia
A person with polydipsia drinks excessive amounts of fluid.
Definition: Polyphagia
A person with polyphagia eats excessive amounts of food.
Definition: Polyuria
A person with polyuria makes large amounts of urine.
Definition: Retinopathy
Retinopathy is the medical term for disease of the retina.
Definition: Urinalysis
A urinalysis is a laboratory examination of a person's urine.
- Diet & Nutrition
Diet & Nutrition
3-Day Food Diary
If your child has diabetes, you can use this printable sheet to record what he or she eats over a 3-day period.
About Recipes for Kids With Diabetes
These recipes were created for kids with diabetes, but can be enjoyed by anyone looking for nutritious meals and snacks.
Breakfast on the Go
This recipe is especially for kids with diabetes, but can be a nutritious part of almost anyone's diet.
Carbohydrates and Diabetes
Meal plans can help kids with diabetes balance carbs with medications and exercise to maintain healthy blood sugar levels.
Carbohydrates and Sugar
Carbs are the body's most important and readily available source of energy. The key is to eat healthy ones, like whole grains, and avoid foods with added sugar.
Club Wrap
This recipe is especially for kids with diabetes, but would be a nutritious part of almost anyone's diet.
Eating Out When Your Child Has Diabetes
Dining out should be fun for you and your child with diabetes. The key is to find out the nutritional value of food options and keep portions healthy.
Grilled Cheese and Pear Sandwich
Ever had fresh pear and cheese together? Try it in this grilled cheese recipe.
Meal Plans and Diabetes
Kids with diabetes don't have to follow a special diabetes diet, but they may need to pay more attention to when they eat and how much is on their plates.
Orange Spritzer
This recipe is especially for kids with diabetes, but it can be a nutritious part of almost anyone's diet.
PB & Banana Chocolate Chip Cookies
Get a blast of flavor from these peanut butter, banana, and chocolate chip cookies.
Southwestern Popcorn
Enjoy this high-fiber snack with a spicy twist.
Strawberry Graham Dip
Looking for a snack? Try this strawberry dip with crackers.
Tomato Basil Pizza
Try this fresh and bubbly English muffin pizza.
Turkey Tenderloin With Vegetables
Try this zesty main course of turkey and veggies.
Vegetable Skillet Frittata
This frittata is great for kids with diabetes, but can be a nutritious part of almost anyone's diet.
Weight and Diabetes
A balanced diet and an active lifestyle are important for kids with diabetes because weight can influence diabetes, and diabetes can influence weight.
- Living With Diabetes
Living With Diabetes
Diabetes Control: Why It's Important
You've probably heard your child's doctor talk a lot about diabetes control. What is it and why is it important?
Diabetes Movie
What is diabetes and how does it affect the body? Watch this video to find out!
Diabetes: Dealing With Feelings
If your child has diabetes, you may spend a lot of time thinking about the physical effects. But it's also important to understand the emotional issues surrounding a diabetes diagnosis.
Diabetes: When to Call the Doctor
Caring for a child with diabetes includes knowing when to get medical help. Learn more about when to call the doctor.
Giving Teens a Voice in Health Care Decisions
Involving teens in their health care can help prepare them for managing it on their own as adults.
Hyperglycemia and Diabetic Ketoacidosis
When blood glucose levels (also called blood sugar levels) are too high, it's called hyperglycemia. A major goal in controlling diabetes is to keep blood sugar levels as close to the desired range as possible.
Hypoglycemia
When blood glucose levels drop too low, it's called hypoglycemia. Very low blood sugar levels can cause severe symptoms that require immediate treatment.
Managing Your Child's Diabetes on Sick Days
Parents of kids with diabetes need to take a few extra steps to keep blood sugar levels under control on sick days.
School and Diabetes
When kids with diabetes attend school, parents should discuss the condition with teachers, school staff, and coaches. Here are some tips on what to cover.
Sports, Exercise, and Diabetes
Diabetes doesn't have to get in the way of exercise and sports competition. Like anyone else, kids with diabetes are healthier if they get plenty of exercise.
Talking to Your Child About Diabetes
Learn all you can about diabetes so you'll be better prepared to talk about it with your child.
Treating Type 1 Diabetes
For kids diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, it's important to create a diabetes management plan to help them manage the condition and stay healthy and active.
Treating Type 2 Diabetes
Kids who are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes will need a diabetes management plan to help them manage the condition and stay healthy and active.
Your Child's Diabetes Health Care Team
When you have a child with diabetes, you and your family have a lot to learn, but you don't have to go it alone. Your child's diabetes health care team can help.
- Personal Stories: Diabetes
- Watch the Movie
- Diseases & Conditions
Diseases & Conditions
- Allergies & the Immune System
Allergies & the Immune System
5 Ways to Prepare for an Allergy Emergency
Being prepared for an allergy emergency will help you, your child, and other caregivers respond in the event of a serious reaction.
Air Pollution and Asthma
Ground-level ozone and other air pollutants can trigger asthma flare-ups. But there are steps you can take to minimize your child's exposure.
All About Allergies
Millions of Americans, including many kids, have an allergy. Find out how allergies are diagnosed and how to keep them under control.
Allergies
Explore more than 20 articles in English and Spanish about all aspects of allergies in children.
Allergy Shots
Many kids battle allergies year-round, and some can't control their symptoms with medications. For them, allergy shots (or allergen immunotherapy) can help.
Celiac Disease
Kids who have celiac disease, a disorder that makes their bodies react to gluten, can't eat certain kinds of foods. Find out more - including what foods are safe and where to find them.
Coronavirus (COVID-19) and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C)
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) causes inflammation throughout the body. Doctors are trying to find out how these symptoms are related to coronavirus (COVID-19) infection.
Do Allergies Cause Asthma?
Allergies don't cause asthma, but kids who have allergies are more likely to get asthma.
Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis)
Eczema can be an itchy nuisance and cause scratching that makes the problem worse. Many kids who have eczema today will be over it by the time they're teens.
Egg Allergy
Helping your child manage an egg allergy means reading food labels carefully, being aware of what he or she eats, and carrying the right medicines in case of an allergic reaction.
Fish Allergy
Fish allergy can cause a serious reaction. Find out how to keep kids safe.
Food Allergies
Food allergies can cause serious and even deadly reactions in kids, so it's important to know how to feed a child with food allergies and to prevent reactions.
Food Allergies and Food Sensitivities
Find more than 30 articles in English and Spanish about all aspects of food allergies in children.
Going to School With Food Allergies
With preparation and education, a child with a food allergy can stay safe at school.
Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (HSP)
Most kids who develop this inflammation of the blood vessels (marked by a raised red and purple rash) make a full recovery and have no long-term problems.
Hives (Urticaria)
Has your child broken out in welts? It could be a case of the hives. Learn how to soothe itchy bumps and help your child feel better.
If My Child Has Food Allergies, What Should I Look for When Reading Food Labels?
Food labels can help you spot allergens your child must avoid. Find out more.
Immune Thrombocytopenia
Immune thrombocytopenia happens when the immune system attacks platelets. Viral infections often trigger this in children, but it usually goes away within 6 months.
Inflammation
Inflammation is one way the body reacts to infection, injury, or other medical conditions. Many things can cause it.
Insect Sting Allergy
Insect sting allergies can cause serious reactions. Find out how to keep kids safe.
Kawasaki Disease
Kawasaki disease is an illness that causes inflammation in blood vessels throughout the body. When symptoms are noticed early and treated, kids begin to feel better within a few days.
Milk Allergy
Milk allergy can cause serious reactions. Find out how to keep kids safe.
Milk Allergy in Infants
Almost all infants are fussy at times. But some are very fussy because they have an allergy to the protein in cow's milk, which is the basis for most commercial baby formulas.
Nut and Peanut Allergy
If your child is allergic to nuts or peanuts, it's essential to learn what foods might contain them and how to avoid them.
Poison Ivy
Most people get a reaction to poison ivy. Check out this article for tips on what to do and how to avoid poison ivy.
PrEP (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis)
PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis) is when someone takes medicines every day to lower his or her chances of getting HIV.
Psoriasis
Psoriasis causes skin cells to build up on the surface of the skin where they form itchy, red patches and thick scales. Find out what causes psoriasis and how to help your child deal with it.
Seasonal Allergies (Hay Fever)
At various times of the year, pollen and mold spores trigger the cold-like symptoms associated with seasonal allergies. Most kids find relief through reduced exposure to allergens or with medicines.
Serious Allergic Reactions (Anaphylaxis)
Kids with severe allergies can be at risk for a sudden, serious allergic reaction called anaphylaxis. The good news is that when treated properly, anaphylaxis can be managed.
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is an immune deficiency that can be successfully treated if it's found early.
Shellfish Allergy
Shellfish allergy can cause serious reactions. Find out common symptoms of allergic reactions and how to respond.
Soy Allergy
Soy is found in many foods and it's a common food allegy. Find out how to help kids with an allergy stay safe.
Stem Cell Transplants
Stem cells help rebuild a weakened immune system. Stem cell transplants are effective treatments for a wide range of diseases, including cancer.
Thrombocytopenia
Thrombocytopenia is when someone has too few platelets in their bloodstream. Many things can cause it and most can be treated.
What Is Oral Allergy Syndrome?
Oral allergy syndrome can cause an itchy mouth and throat. Find out more.
What Is Skin Testing for Allergies?
A scratch or skin prick test is a common way doctors find out more about a person's allergies.
What's the Difference Between a Food Allergy and a Food Intolerance?
Food allergies and food intolerances, like lactose intolerance, are not the same. Find out more.
Wheat Allergy
Wheat allergy can cause serious reactions. Find out how to help kids with an allergy stay safe.
Words to Know: Transplants
Easy-to-understand definitions of some key transplant terms.
- Arthritis & Rheumatologic Conditions
Arthritis & Rheumatologic Conditions
Arthrogram
An arthrogram is a test done to look inside a joint for injuries or other problems.
Coronavirus (COVID-19) and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C)
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) causes inflammation throughout the body. Doctors are trying to find out how these symptoms are related to coronavirus (COVID-19) infection.
Fibromyalgia
The chronic condition fibromyalgia causes widespread pain in the muscles, joints, and other areas of the body. Lifestyle changes and other strategies can help kids who have it feel better.
Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (HSP)
Most kids who develop this inflammation of the blood vessels (marked by a raised red and purple rash) make a full recovery and have no long-term problems.
Inflammation
Inflammation is one way the body reacts to infection, injury, or other medical conditions. Many things can cause it.
Jumper's Knee
Jumper's knee is an overuse injury that happens when frequent jumping, running, and changing direction damages the patellar tendon.
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
In juvenile idiopathic arthritis (also called juvenile rheumatoid arthritis)), a person can develop swollen, warm, and painful joints. Learn more.
Lupus
Lupus is known as an autoimmune disease in which a person's immune system mistakenly works against the body's own tissues.
- Asthma
Asthma
Asthma
Asthma makes it hard to breathe. But with treatment, the condition can be managed so that kids can still do the things they love. Learn all about asthma.
Asthma Center
Asthma keeps more kids home from school than any other chronic illness. Learn how to help your child manage the condition, stay healthy, and stay in school.
Asthma Flare-Ups
Find out how to deal with — and help prevent — asthma flare-ups ("attacks"), which is when asthma symptoms get worse.
Asthma Medicines
Asthma medicine comes in two main types: quick-relief and long-term control medicines. Even if a child takes a long-term control medicine regularly, quick-relief medicine is still needed to handle flare-ups.
Asthma Triggers
Triggers — things in the air, weather conditions, or activities — can cause asthma flare-ups. By knowing and avoiding triggers, you'll help lessen your child's asthma symptoms.
Can Kids and Teens With Asthma Play Sports?
Kids and teens who have asthma can and do play sports. But some activities are better than others - find out more.
Can the Weather Affect My Child's Asthma?
Sometimes, the weather can affect a child's asthma symptoms. Here are some tips for dealing with it.
Dealing With Triggers: Pets
Do pets make your child's allergies or asthma worse? Here's how to handle it.
Definition: Exercise-Induced Asthma
Some people have exercise-induced asthma, which means that their asthma symptoms (such as coughing, wheezing, or shortness of breath) are triggered by exercise or physical activity.
Exercise-Induced Asthma
Many kids with asthma have symptoms when they exercise. But with careful management, they usually can do anything their peers can do.
Inflammation
Inflammation is one way the body reacts to infection, injury, or other medical conditions. Many things can cause it.
Managing Asthma
Asthma control can take a little time and energy to master, but it's worth the effort. Learn more about ways to manage your child's asthma.
My Baby Is Wheezing. Is it Asthma?
Find out what the experts have to say.
School and Asthma
Asthma flare-ups are the main reason kids with asthma miss school. But well-managed asthma is far less likely to result in a sick day.
Traveling and Asthma
With some careful planning, kids with asthma can enjoy all the benefits of a trip away from home.
What Are Nebulizers and Inhalers?
Find out how these asthma tools help kids take their medicines.
What's an Asthma Action Plan?
Find out how this written plan can help you care for your child with asthma.
When to Go to the ER if Your Child Has Asthma
If your child has asthma, find out when you need to go to the ER.
- Bones & Muscles
Bones & Muscles
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Tears
ACL injuries can happen in active and athletic kids when excessive pressure is put on the knee joint, resulting in a torn ligament.
Arthrogryposis
Children with arthrogryposis have stiff joints that don't move well. Treatments like splinting, bracing, therapy, and surgery help kids get the best range of motion.
Basilar Invagination
Basilar invagination is when the top of the spine pushes up into the base of the skull. It causes pinching and pressing on the brain stem.
Becker Muscular Dystrophy
Becker muscular dystrophy is a genetic disorder that gradually makes the body's muscles weaker and smaller. It causes less severe problems than the most common type of MD, Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Blount Disease
Blount disease is a growth disorder that causes the bones of the lower leg to bow outward. This gets worse if it's not treated, so early diagnosis is very important.
Bow Legs (Genu Varum)
Bow legs is when the legs curve outward at the knees while the feet and ankles touch. Infants and toddlers often have bow legs. It's rarely serious and usually goes away on its own.
Broken Bones
Many kids will have a broken bone at some point. Here's what to expect.
Broken Collarbone (Clavicle Fracture)
Learn about broken collarbones (or clavicle fractures), a common sports injury in kids.
Buckle Fractures
A buckle or torus fracture is a type of broken bone. One side of the bone bends, raising a little buckle, without breaking the other side of the bone.
CLOVES Syndrome
CLOVES syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder that causes vascular, skin, spinal, and bone or joint abnormalities.
Casts
Casts keep bones and other tissues in place while they heal. Here's what to expect, and how to care for casts.
Cervical Kyphosis
Cervical kyphosis is a curve at the top of the spine (backbone). Usually, the condition isn't serious, but a pinch in the spinal cord can cause nerve damage.
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease (CMT)
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is a neurological disorder. It causes muscle weakness and numbness, most commonly in the arms and legs.
Chest Wall Disorder: Pectus Carinatum
Pectus carinatum, sometimes called pigeon chest, is a deformity of the chest wall in which the chest juts out.
Chest Wall Disorder: Pectus Excavatum
Pectus excavatum is a deformity of the chest wall that causes several ribs and the breastbone to grow abnormally, giving the chest a "caved-in" appearance.
Chest Wall Disorder: Poland Syndrome
Poland syndrome is a condition where a child is born with missing or underdeveloped chest muscles.
Clubfoot
Clubfoot is a birth defect that makes one or both of a baby's feet point down and turn in. Most clubfeet can be successfully corrected using the nonsurgical Ponseti method.
Comminuted Fractures
A comminuted fracture is a type of broken bone. The bone is broken into more than two pieces.
Common Childhood Orthopedic Conditions
Flatfeet, toe walking, pigeon toes, bowlegs, and knock-knees. Lots of kids have these common orthopedic conditions, but are they medical problems that can and should be corrected?
Compression Fracture of the Spine
A compression fracture of the spine is when the vertebrae (bones that form the spine) collapses. People with weakened bones can get them from a minor fall or with no trauma at all.
Congenital Kyphosis
Kyphosis is a rounding of the back that some children are born with. It makes the back look hunched over.
Costochondritis
Costochondritis is a painful swelling of the cartilage that attaches the ribs to the breastbone. It's one of the most common causes of chest pain in kids and teens.
Craniosynostosis
Craniosynostosis is when seams between bones in the skull close too soon. When this happens, the skull can’t expand grow as it should, and it develops an unusual shape.
Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip
Babies can be born with this hip problem or develop it soon after birth. Early treatment can help the hip joint grow normally.
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the most common form of muscular dystrophy. It gradually makes the body's muscles weaker.
Dwarfism
Dwarfism is characterized by short stature. Many of the possible complications of dwarfism are treatable, and people of short stature lead healthy, active lives.
External Fixator: Pin Care
External fixators used for limb lengthening have pins that go through the skin and into the bone. It's important to know how to care for the pins at home to prevent infections.
Fibromyalgia
The chronic condition fibromyalgia causes widespread pain in the muscles, joints, and other areas of the body. Lifestyle changes and other strategies can help kids who have it feel better.
Fibular Hemimelia
Babies who have fibular hemimelia are born with a short or missing fibula. Experts who treat bone problems have several options to help kids with a hemimelia.
Ganglion Cysts
Ganglion cysts are lumps that, most commonly, appear on the back of the wrist. These cysts are not cancerous and are easily treated.
Greenstick Fractures
A greenstick fracture is a type of broken bone. The bone cracks on one side only, not all the way through the bone.
Growth Plate Fractures
Injuries to growth plates, which produce new bone tissue and determine the final length and shape of bones in adulthood, must be treated so that bones heal properly.
Growth Plates
Growth plates are the areas of new bone growth, usually near the ends of long bones. A growth plate is weaker than solid bone. This makes it more likely to get injured.
Guillain-Barré Syndrome
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rare medical condition that affects the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. Luckily, most people who get GBS recover.
Halo Brace
Much like a fiberglass cast holds a broken arm or leg in place, a "halo" with vest holds a child's head and neck in place after a spinal injury so that spinal bones can heal.
Halo-Gravity Traction
Halo-gravity traction is a way to pull the head and spine upward. Doctors use it to treat curvature of the spine and to prepare kids for spinal fusion surgery.
How Broken Bones Heal
Broken bones have an amazing ability to heal, especially in kids. Full healing can take time, but new bone usually forms a few weeks after an injury.
How the Joints Work
See how the joints work.
Idiopathic Scoliosis
Kids of any age can have idiopathic scoliosis, but it's usually found when a child begins going through puberty. Find out more about the signs of and treatment for idiopathic scoliosis.
In-toeing & Out-toeing in Toddlers
What is in-toeing and how will it affect your child? Find out what the experts have to say.
Incentive Spirometer
An incentive spirometer trains people to take slow, deep breaths. It's used during recovery from some types of surgery or as a way to manage illness. Find out how it works.
Infant Torticollis
Babies with this condition have trouble turning their heads, due to muscle tightness. Simple stretching exercises and physical therapy can help babies get better.
Inflammation
Inflammation is one way the body reacts to infection, injury, or other medical conditions. Many things can cause it.
Jumper's Knee
Jumper's knee is an overuse injury that happens when frequent jumping, running, and changing direction damages the patellar tendon.
Knee Injuries
Knee injuries are common among young athletes. Learn about causes, treatments, and prevention.
Kyphosis
Everyone's spine is slightly rounded forward at a gentle angle. If this angle is too pronounced, more than 50 degrees or so, it's called kyphosis, also known as roundback or hunchback.
Leg Length Discrepancy
Leg length discrepancy is when someone’s legs are different lengths. For a big difference or one that's likely to get worse, treatment is recommended.
Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease
Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease changes the hip joint and can cause a stiff joint, pain, and a limp.
Limb Differences
Limb differences are when an arm or leg is not shaped in the usual way. Some don't need treatment. For those that do, doctors have a few options.
Limb Lengthening Surgery: External Fixator
Limb lengthening surgery is done when someone has a leg length discrepancy (one leg is shorter than the other). Sometimes this is treated with an external fixator.
Limb Lengthening Surgery: Internal Lengthening Device
Limb lengthening surgery is done when someone has a leg length discrepancy (one leg is shorter than the other). Sometimes this is treated with an internal lengthening device (a rod with a magnet).
Little League Elbow
Little League elbow is an overuse injury to the elbow caused by repetitive throwing. Most cases happen in pitchers, but any young athlete who throws a lot can get the condition.
Low Calcium in Babies (Hypocalcemia)
Hypocalcemia is when the blood has too little calcium. It can be treated with calcium and vitamin D supplements.
Marfan Syndrome
Marfan syndrome affects the body's connective tissue and can cause problems in the eyes, joints, and heart. Even though the disease has no cure, doctors can successfully treat just about all of its symptoms.
Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) Injuries
MCL injuries can happen in active and athletic kids, when excessive pressure is put on the knee joint, resulting in a torn ligament.
Muscular Dystrophy
Muscular dystrophy is a disorder that weakens a person's muscles over time. People who have the disease can gradually lose the ability to do everyday tasks.
Myasthenia Gravis
Myasthenia gravis (or myasthenia) happens when voluntary muscles get weaker. Treatments can help symptoms.
Myelomeningocele
Myelomeningocele is a type of spina bifida in which a baby is born with a gap in the bones of the spine.
Nursemaid's Elbow
Young kids are at risk for a common injury known as nursemaid's elbow, which is easy for a doctor to fix. To help prevent it, never swing or lift a child by the lower arm, hands, or wrists.
Osgood-Schlatter Disease
Osgood-Schlatter disease (OSD) is one of the most common causes of knee pain in adolescents. It's really not a disease, but an overuse injury.
Osteochondritis Dissecans
Osteochondritis dissecans is when a piece of bone and the attached cartilage break down and become loose. If it heals completely, kids who have it usually don't have any long-lasting problems.
Osteogenesis Imperfecta (Brittle Bone Disease)
Osteogenesis imperfecta (or brittle bone disease) prevents the body from building strong bones. People with OI have bones that might break easily.
Osteomyelitis
Osteomyelitis is a bone infection that can happen when germs enter an open wound. The easiest way to prevent it is to keep skin clean.
Panner's Disease
Panner's disease is a painful bone condition linked to overuse of the elbow. Kids with Panner's disease need to avoid all activities that cause pain so the bone can heal.
Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (Runner's Knee)
Patellofemoral pain syndrome (or runner's knee) is the most common overuse injury among runners, but it can also happen to other athletes who do activities that require a lot of knee bending.
Pectus Carinatum: Bracing
Pectus carinatum, sometimes called pigeon chest, is when the chest juts out. Sometimes it's treated by wearing a brace.
Pectus Excavatum: The Nuss Procedure
The Nuss procedure is a surgery to correct severe pectus excavatum. It’s considered "minimally invasive" because only a few small cuts are needed.
Pectus Excavatum: Vacuum Bell Device
Health care providers sometimes suggest that kids use a vacuum bell to help correct pectus excavatum, a condition that causes a caved-in chest.
Polydactyly
Polydactyly is when a baby is born with an extra finger on the hand or an extra toe on the foot. It can be on one or both hands or feet.
Pompe Disease
Pompe disease is a rare genetic condition that makes muscles get weaker over time.
Postural Kyphosis
Postural kyphosis is rounding or hunching of the back that usually affects teens.
Radial Dysplasia
Babies with radial dysplasia (also called radial club hand) are born with a short or missing radial bone. This makes the wrist turn in.
Repetitive Stress Injuries in Sports
Repetitive stress injuries (RSIs) happen when movements are repeated over and over, damaging a bone, tendon, or joint.
Rickets
Rickets is when bones become soft and weak, usually because a child doesn't get enough vitamin D. Most kids with rickets get better with treatment.
Scheuermann's Kyphosis
Scheuermann's kyphosis is a condition affecting the upper back that makes it rounded so it looks hunched over.
Scoliosis
Scoliosis makes a person’s spine curve from side to side. Large curves can cause health problems like pain or breathing trouble. Health care providers treat scoliosis with back braces or surgery when needed.
Scoliosis: Bracing
Some kids with scoliosis wear a brace to help stop their curve from getting worse as they grow. Find out more about the different types of scoliosis braces.
Sever's Disease
Sever's disease, a common heel injury in kids, is due to inflammation (swelling) of the growth plate in the heel. While painful, it's only temporary and has no long-term effects.
Shin Splints
Shin splints are pain on the inner part of the shinbone, often from running or another high-impact activity. They get better with rest.
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE)
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) is a shift at the upper part of the thighbone, or femur, that results in a weakened hip joint. Fortunately, when caught early, most cases of SCFE can be treated successfully.
Spina Bifida Occulta
In spina bifida occulta, a baby is born with a gap in the spine's bones, but the spinal cord and its covering do not push through it.
Spinal Fusion Surgery
A spinal fusion is a surgical procedure that's done to stabilize or straighten the bones in the back. It can help kids and teens with scoliosis.
Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA)
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a condition that causes muscle weakness and atrophy. There's no cure, but therapy and other treatments can help most people who have SMA.
Spinal Muscular Atrophy: Steven's Story (Video)
A teen athlete talks about why he won't let his condition take him out of the game.
Splints
A splint is a support device that keeps an injured area from moving. Doctors often use splints to hold bones and joints in place so they can heal after a fracture.
Spondylolisthesis
Spondylolisthesis happens when a bone in the back slips forward and out of place. In kids and teens, it’s a common cause of lower back pain.
Spondylolysis
Spondylolysis is a very common cause of lower back pain in kids, teens, and young adults. It usually heals quickly with rest and other nonsurgical treatments.
Stress Fractures
A stress fracture is a tiny crack in a bone. They usually happen from repeating the same movement over and over.
Symbrachydactyly
Babies with symbrachydactyly are born with short often webbed fingers. Some might be missing fingers.
Syndactyly
Syndactyly is when a baby is born with two or more fingers or toes joined or "webbed" together.
The Ponseti Clubfoot Brace: Tips for Parents
Correcting your child’s clubfoot begins with a series of casts and ends with a brace. Here's how to help your child wear it successfully.
The Ponseti Method: Bracing Phase
The Ponseti method to treat clubfoot is done in two phases – the casting phase gradually moves the foot to the correct position, and the bracing phase makes sure it stays there. Learn about bracing.
The Ponseti Method: Casting Phase
The Ponseti method to treat clubfoot is done in two phases – the casting phase gradually moves the foot to the correct position, and the bracing phase makes sure it stays there. Learn about casting.
The Ravitch Procedure
The Ravitch procedure is a surgery to correct severe pectus carinatum and pectus excavatum.
The WREX Orthosis (Assistive Device)
The WREX is an assistive device that kids can wear to help them if they have weak arms.
Thumb Duplication
Babies with thumb duplication (or thumb polydactyly) are born with an extra thumb on one or both hands. Most will have surgery to fix the problem.
Thumb Hypoplasia
Babies with thumb hypoplasia are born with a thumb that is smaller than normal, or with the thumb missing completely.
Torticollis
Torticollis is a common condition that causes a stiff neck or neck pain that makes it difficult for kids to turn their heads.
Ulnar Dysplasia
Babies with ulnar dysplasia (also called ulnar club hand) are born with a short or missing ulnar bone. This makes the wrist turn out.
What Is Collagen?
Collagen is a protein in the body that helps make bones strong.
- Brain & Nervous System
Brain & Nervous System
A to Z: Bell's Palsy
Learn about complications of viral infections and conditions that can affect the face and nervous system.
Abusive Head Trauma (Shaken Baby Syndrome)
Abusive head trauma is the leading cause of death in child abuse cases in the United States. It happens when someone shakes an infant.
Ataxic Cerebral Palsy
Kids with ataxic CP have trouble with balance. They may walk with their legs farther apart than other kids. And they can have trouble knowing exactly where something is.
Bell's Palsy
Bell's palsy is a temporary weakness or paralysis of the muscles on one side of the face. Though it can be alarming, it typically goes away in a matter of weeks.
Benign Rolandic Epilepsy
Kids with benign rolandic epilepsy of childhood (BREC) have seizures that involve twitching, numbness, or tingling of the face or tongue.
Brain Tumors
Brain tumors are the second most common group of childhood cancers. Treatment requires a very specialized plan involving a team of medical specialists.
Brain and Nervous System Cancers
These cancers are the most common type of cancer in children. When discovered early, they often can be cured.
Burners and Stingers
Burners (or stingers) are injuries to the nerve network in the shoulder, arm, forearm, hand, and fingers. They're pretty common in sports and usually go away quickly.
Cardiofaciocutaneous Syndrome
Cardiofaciocutaneous (CFC) syndrome is a rare genetic condition. It affects the heart, facial features, and skin.
Cerebral Palsy
Cerebral palsy (CP) affects a child's muscle tone, movement, and more. This article explains causes, diagnosis, treatment, and coping.
Chiari I Malformation
Many kids with this brain condition aren't bothered by it. Those who have symptoms can often find relief with medicines or surgery.
Childhood Absence Epilepsy (CAE)
Kids with childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) have seizures where they "blank out" for a few seconds. Most kids will outgrow CAE.
Concussions
Concussions are serious injuries that can be even more serious if kids don't get the time and rest needed to heal them completely.
Costello Syndrome
Costello syndrome is a very rare disorder that affects multiple organ systems. It causes causes problems that affect a child's heart, muscles, bones, skin, brain, and spinal cord.
Craniopharyngioma
A craniopharyngioma is a rare type of benign brain tumor. Most people treated for a craniopharyngioma are cured.
Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy
Dyskinetic CP, or athetoid CP, is a type of CP. Kids with dyskinetic CP have trouble controlling muscle movement.
Epilepsy
Epilepsy causes electrical signals in the brain to misfire, which can lead to multiple seizures. Anyone can get epilepsy at any age, but most new diagnoses are in kids.
Epilepsy Surgery
Epilepsy surgery is an operation done on the brain to reduce or stop seizures.
Fainting
Fainting is a temporary loss of consciousness. Someone who has fainted will usually recover quickly.
Febrile Seizures
Febrile seizures are full-body convulsions caused by high fevers that affect young kids. Although they can be frightening, they usually stop on their own and don't cause any other health problems.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
If a woman drinks alcohol during her pregnancy, her baby could be born with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), which causes a wide range of physical, behavioral, and learning problems.
Guillain-Barré Syndrome
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rare medical condition that affects the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. Luckily, most people who get GBS recover.
Headaches
Headaches affect kids as well as adults. Learn about common causes and when to talk to a doctor.
Hydrocephalus
Often called "water on the brain," hydrocephalus can cause babies' and young children's heads to swell to make room for excess cerebrospinal fluid. Learn how this condition is managed.
Infantile Spasms
Infantile spasms (IS) is a seizure disorder in babies. The spasms usually go away by age 4, but many babies with IS will have other kinds of epilepsy later.
Intractable Epilepsy
Intractable epilepsy is when a child's seizures can't be controlled by medicines. Doctors may recommend surgery or other treatments for intractable seizures.
Is There a Connection Between Vaccines and Autism?
Find out what the experts have to say.
Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy
Kids with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) have one or more of several different kinds of seizures, which begin around the age of puberty.
Ketogenic Diet
A ketogenic diet is a strict high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet that can reduce, and sometimes stop, seizures.
Lead Poisoning
Long-term exposure to lead can cause serious health problems, particularly in young kids, so it's important to find out whether your child might be at risk for lead exposure.
Legius Syndrome
Legius syndrome is a rare genetic condition. Kids who have it have multiple café-au-lait spots on their skin and might be slower to walk, talk, and reach other milestones than most kids.
Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome
Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is a seizure disorder. Children with LGS have several different kinds of seizures.
Lyme Disease
Lyme disease can affect the skin, joints, nervous system, and other organ systems. If Lyme disease is diagnosed quickly and treated with antibiotics, most people feel better quickly.
Medulloblastoma
Medulloblastoma is a type of brain tumor. Most brain tumors in children are medulloblastoma.
Migraine Headaches
Migraine headaches can cause severe pain and other symptoms. Read about migraine causes, treatments, prevention tips, and lots more.
Myasthenia Gravis
Myasthenia gravis (or myasthenia) happens when voluntary muscles get weaker. Treatments can help symptoms.
Neurocutaneous Syndromes
Neurocutaneous syndromes are genetic disorders that lead to tumor growth in various parts of the body. Learn how to maximize the quality of life for children with these diseases.
Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic condition that causes benign tumors in and under the skin, often with bone, hormone, and other problems. Learn more about how it's diagnosed and treated.
Newborn Brachial Plexus Injuries
During childbirth, a brachial plexus injury can happen if the baby's neck is stretched to one side.
Pompe Disease
Pompe disease is a rare genetic condition that makes muscles get weaker over time.
RASopathies
RASopathies are a group of genetic conditions caused by problems in the RAS pathway, which is one way cells in the body communicate.
Sanfilippo Syndrome
Sanfilippo syndrome is a rare condition in which the body can't break down certain carbohydrates (sugars) in the blood, leading to serious problems in the brain and nervous system.
Spastic Cerebral Palsy
Kids with spastic CP have stiff muscles in the upper part of the body, the lower part, or both.
Spina Bifida
Spina bifida is a birth defect that involves the incomplete development of the spinal cord or its coverings. It's usually detected before a baby is born and treated right away.
Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA)
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a condition that causes muscle weakness and atrophy. There's no cure, but therapy and other treatments can help most people who have SMA.
Strokes
This "brain attack" happens when blood flow to the brain stops, even for a second. Often, kids who have a stroke can learn to use their arms and legs and speak again through brain retraining.
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Kids with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) have seizures that start in one of the temporal lobes of the brain. Seizures usually get better with medicine.
Tourette Syndrome
Tourette syndrome is a condition that causes uncontrolled sudden, repetitive muscle movements and sounds known as tics.
Tuberous Sclerosis
Tuberous sclerosis is a condition that causes the growth of benign tumors. Symptoms can range from mild to severe.
VP Shunts
A VP shunt is a small plastic tube that helps drain extra cerebrospinal fluid from the brain. Most VP shunts are placed to treat hydrocephalus.
What Is Acute Flaccid Myelitis?
Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) is a rare but serious condition that affects the nervous system.
- Cancer & Tumors
Cancer & Tumors
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common type of childhood cancer. Because it develops and gets worse quickly, prompt treatment is very important. With treatment, most kids are cured.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) happens when the body makes too many immature white blood cells. Among kids with leukemia, 20% have this type. With treatment, most recover.
Brain Tumors
Brain tumors are the second most common group of childhood cancers. Treatment requires a very specialized plan involving a team of medical specialists.
Brain and Nervous System Cancers
These cancers are the most common type of cancer in children. When discovered early, they often can be cured.
Cancer Center
From treatments and prevention to coping with the emotional aspects of cancer, the Cancer Center provides comprehensive information that parents need.
Cardiofaciocutaneous Syndrome
Cardiofaciocutaneous (CFC) syndrome is a rare genetic condition. It affects the heart, facial features, and skin.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy (chemo) is treatment with medicines that stop the growth of cancer cells.
Childhood Cancer
Different kinds of childhood cancer have different signs, symptoms, treatments, and outcomes. But today, most kids with cancer get better.
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
While this type of blood cancer is more common in adults, it affects children, too. Thanks to advances in therapy, most kids with CML can be cured.
Costello Syndrome
Costello syndrome is a very rare disorder that affects multiple organ systems. It causes causes problems that affect a child's heart, muscles, bones, skin, brain, and spinal cord.
Craniopharyngioma
A craniopharyngioma is a rare type of benign brain tumor. Most people treated for a craniopharyngioma are cured.
Effects of Cancer Treatment on Fertility
While some cancer treatments have little to no effect on reproductive health, others are more likely cause temporary or permanent infertility.
Ewing Sarcoma
This type of cancer mainly develops in the arms, legs, ribs, spinal column, and pelvis. Early diagnosis and treatment mean most kids have a good chance of recovery.
Germ Cell Tumors
Germ cell tumors happen when reproductive cells in an unborn baby don't develop as they should.
Hemolytic Anemia
Hemolytic anemia is a type of anemia that happens when red blood cells break down faster than the body can make them.
Hepatoblastoma
Hepatoblastoma is a rare type of cancer that affects the liver but rarely spreads beyond it. Most cases are in children younger than 3.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a type of liver cancer. It's treated by a health care team of specialists in many areas.
Hodgkin Lymphoma
Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system. Most kids and teens who get Hodgkin lymphoma get better.
Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia (JMML)
Learn about this rare type of cancer, which usually affects kids under 4 years old.
Legius Syndrome
Legius syndrome is a rare genetic condition. Kids who have it have multiple café-au-lait spots on their skin and might be slower to walk, talk, and reach other milestones than most kids.
Leukemia
Leukemia refers to cancers of the white blood cells. With the proper treatment, the outlook for kids with leukemia is quite good.
Liver Tumors
Tumors happen when cells form a mass or growth. Liver tumors can be benign (not cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
Lymphoma
Lymphoma is cancer that begins in the body's lymphatic tissue. It's a common type of cancer in children, but most recover from it.
Medulloblastoma
Medulloblastoma is a type of brain tumor. Most brain tumors in children are medulloblastoma.
Melanoma
Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer. Find out how to lower your family's risk of getting melanoma and how doctors treat it.
Neuroblastoma
Learn about neuroblastoma, a rare type of childhood cancer that develops in infants and young children.
Neurocutaneous Syndromes
Neurocutaneous syndromes are genetic disorders that lead to tumor growth in various parts of the body. Learn how to maximize the quality of life for children with these diseases.
Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic condition that causes benign tumors in and under the skin, often with bone, hormone, and other problems. Learn more about how it's diagnosed and treated.
Neutropenia
Certain cancers, or cancer treatment, can weaken the immune system, requiring a child to stay home to avoid exposure to germs. Here are ways to help your child make the best of it.
Osteosarcoma
Osteosarcoma is the most common type of bone cancer. Boys are more likely to have osteosarcoma than girls, and most cases of osteosarcoma involve the knee.
Proton Therapy for Cancer
Proton therapy is an advanced type of radiation therapy. It's an effective treatment for many childhood cancers.
RASopathies
RASopathies are a group of genetic conditions caused by problems in the RAS pathway, which is one way cells in the body communicate.
Radiation Therapy
Radiation therapy, also called radiotherapy, irradiation, or X-ray therapy, is one of the most common forms of cancer treatment.
Radioembolization (TARE-Y90) for Liver Tumors
Radioembolization is a procedure used to treat some kinds of liver tumors. A radioactive material works on the tumor, not the healthy tissue around it.
Retinoblastoma
Retinoblastoma is a childhood cancer that affects the retina, the area of the eye responsible for sensing light and sending nerve signals to the brain.
Rhabdoid Tumor of the Liver
A rhabdoid tumor of the liver is a cancer that often spreads quickly to other parts of the body. Most of these very rare tumors happen in babies and toddlers.
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS)
Rhabdomyosarcoma is a cancerous tumor that shows up in the body's soft tissues. With early diagnosis and timely treatment, most kids make a full recovery.
Side Effects of Chemotherapy and Radiation
Side effects of cancer treatment can include flu-like symptoms, hair loss, and blood clotting problems. After treatment ends, most side effects go away.
Sinonasal Tumors
A sinonasal tumor is a growth in the nose, the space behind the nose, or in the sinuses. The tumors can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer).
Skull Base Surgery
Skull base surgery is done to remove tumors and other growths that appear at the bottom of the skull.
Stem Cell Transplants
Stem cells help rebuild a weakened immune system. Stem cell transplants are effective treatments for a wide range of diseases, including cancer.
Testicular Cancer
Testicular cancer is uncommon in boys. Most cases are in young and middle-aged men. It responds well to treatment, especially when it’s found early.
Thrombocytopenia
Thrombocytopenia is when someone has too few platelets in their bloodstream. Many things can cause it and most can be treated.
Undifferentiated Embryonal Sarcoma of the Liver (UESL)
Undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma of the liver (UESL) is a rare kind of liver cancer that happens mostly in children.
Words to Know: Transplants
Easy-to-understand definitions of some key transplant terms.
- Digestive System
Digestive System
Antegrade Continence Enema (ACE)
An antegrade continence enema, or ACE, is a different way to give an enema. Enemas can help someone poop if they become constipated or have another problem moving their bowels.
Celiac Disease
Kids who have celiac disease, a disorder that makes their bodies react to gluten, can't eat certain kinds of foods. Find out more - including what foods are safe and where to find them.
Chylous Ascites
Chylous ascites is when chyle collects in the belly. Depending on what's causing it, doctors can treat chylous ascites and often cure it.
Chyluria
Chyluria is when there is chyle in the pee. Depending on what's causing it, chyluria can be treated and often can be cured.
Constipation
Constipation is a very common problem among kids, and it usually occurs because a child's diet doesn't include enough fluids and fiber. In most cases, simple changes can help kids go.
Crohn's Disease
Crohn's disease is a chronic condition that causes parts of the bowel to get red and swollen. The goal of treatment is to relieve symptoms, prevent other problems, and avoid flare-ups.
Diarrhea
Most kids battle diarrhea from time to time, so it's important to know what to do to relieve and even prevent it.
Epigastric Hernias
An epigastric hernia is when part of the intestines pushes through the abdominal muscles between the belly button and the chest. Many are small, cause no symptoms, and don't need treatment.
Fetal Abdominal Cyst
A fetal abdominal cyst is a bubble of fluid in a balloon-like bag in the belly of an unborn baby.
Galactosemia
Some babies are born with the metabolic disorder glactosemia. They must drink soy-based formula instead of breast milk or a cow's milk-based formula.
Gastroesophageal Reflux
When symptoms of heartburn or acid indigestion happen a lot, it could be gastroesophageal reflux (GER). And it can be a problem for kids - even newborns.
Gastroschisis
Gastroschisis is when a baby is born with the intestines, and sometimes other organs, sticking out through a hole in the belly wall near the umbilical cord.
Hirschsprung Disease
Children with Hirschsprung disease aren't able to pass a bowel movement, or do so with difficulty. Treatment almost always requires surgery.
Immunizations and IBD
Vaccines are safe to give to kids and teens with IBD and won't make their symptoms worse. Here are the ones they need.
Imperforate Anus
In an imperforate anus, the anal sphincter (a group of muscles in the anus that controls the release of poop) usually forms in the right place but without the normal opening.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) refers to two chronic diseases that cause intestinal inflammation: ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Although they have features in common, there are some important differences.
Inguinal Hernias
An inguinal hernia happens when part of the intestines pushes through an opening in the lower part of the abdomen. Doctors fix these hernias with surgery.
Intestinal Malrotation
Malrotation is a type of obstruction caused by abnormal development of the intestines while a fetus is in the womb. Find out more about this condition and the complications it can cause.
Intussusception
Intussusception is the most common cause of bowel blockages in very young children. Quick treatment can help them recover without lasting problems.
Lactose Intolerance
Many kids have lactose intolerance - trouble digesting lactose, the main sugar in milk and milk products - which can cause cramps, diarrhea, and gas.
Laryngomalacia
Laryngomalacia is a common cause of noisy breathing in infants. Most of the time, laryngomalacia gets better on its own.
Nasogastric Tube (NG Tube)
An NG tube goes through the nose, down the throat, and into the stomach to deliver formula or medicine.
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Necrotizing enterocolitis is an intestinal disease that usually affects preemies. Medicines and therapy can help babies with NEC.
Nutrition Therapy and Crohn's Disease
Nutrition therapy is an alternative to medicines that doctors use to ease the symptoms of Crohn's disease. It can help improve nutrition and growth, ease inflammation, and heal the gastrointestinal tract.
Pancreatitis
Pancreatitis is sometimes mistaken for a stomach virus because symptoms can include fever, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Symptoms usually get better on their own, but sometimes treatment is needed.
Peptic Ulcers
Many people think that spicy foods cause ulcers, but the truth is that bacteria are the main culprit. Learn more about peptic ulcers.
Pyloric Stenosis
Pyloric stenosis can make a baby vomit forcefully and often. It can lead to serious problems like dehydration, and needs medical treatment right away.
Soiling (Encopresis)
If your child has bowel movements in places other than the toilet, you know how frustrating it can be. Many kids who soil beyond the years of toilet teaching have a condition known as encopresis.
Stomachaches
Kids can have stomach pain for lots of reasons - not all of them related to the digestive system. Here are some clues about what could be going on.
Tapeworm
Tapeworms are usually more upsetting to think about than to deal with. Tapeworm infections are rare in the United States, and they're usually easy to treat.
Transition of Care: Crohn's Disease
Most teens with Crohn's disease should transition to an adult health care provider when they're between 18 and 21 years old. Here's how parents can help them do that.
Transition of Care: Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Most teens with IBD should transition to an adult health care provider when they're between 18 and 21 years old. Here's how parents can help them do that.
Transition of Care: Ulcerative Colitis
Most teens with ulcerative colitis should transition to an adult health care provider when they're between 18 and 21 years old. Here's how parents can help them do that.
Ulcerative Colitis
Ulcerative colitis is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that happens only in the colon. It causes the inner lining of the colon to get red and swollen with sores called ulcers.
Umbilical Hernias
An umbilical hernia shows up as a bump under the belly button. If a hernia doesn't go away by age 4 or 5 or causes problems, doctors may recommend surgery.
When Your Child Needs a Liver Transplant
If your child needs a liver transplant, you're probably feeling lots of emotions. Fortunately, most kids who have liver transplants go on to live normal, healthy lives.
- Ears, Nose, Throat/Speech & Hearing
Ears, Nose, Throat/Speech & Hearing
A to Z: Bullous Myringitis
Learn about bullous myringitis, an infection of the tympanic membrane (eardrum).
Adenoids and Adenoidectomy
Enlarged adenoids are normal some kids, but others need surgery. Often, tonsils and adenoids are removed at the same time.
Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) Test
An auditory brainstem response (ABR) test is a safe and painless test that gives health care providers information about possible hearing loss.
Balance Disorders
Most kids stumble and fall from time to time, but a child who continually loses his or her balance might have a balance disorder.
Cholesteatoma
A cholesteatoma is a growth behind the eardrum that can damage the bones of the middle ear. Treating it can help prevent hearing loss.
Chronic Hoarseness
Misuse of the vocal cords — caused by such things as repetitive screaming, yelling, or using the voice in an unnatural way — can lead to chronic hoarseness. Learn how to get the voice back into perfect pitch.
Cleft Lip
A cleft lip is when a baby's lip doesn't form properly during pregnancy. Most kids can have surgery to repair one early in life.
Cleft Lip/Cleft Palate: Feeding Your Child
Babies born with a cleft may need some feeding help from special bottle systems. Find out what's available and how they work.
Cleft Palate
A cleft palate is when a baby is born with a cleft (gap) in the roof of the mouth. Most kids can have surgery to repair them early in life.
Cleft Palate With Cleft Lip
A cleft palate with a cleft lip is when a baby's lip and palate (roof of mouth) don't form properly during pregnancy. Most kids with cleft lip and palate are treated successfully with no lasting problems.
Cochlear Implants
Cochlear implant can help many kids with severe hearing loss. Find out how they work and who can get them.
Ear Injuries
Ear injuries not only can affect a child's hearing, but sense of balance too. That's because our ears also help keep us steady on our feet.
Ear Tube Surgery
Many kids get middle ear infections (otitis media). Doctors may suggest ear tube surgery for those with multiple infections or a hearing loss or speech delay.
Eardrum Injuries
A "popped" eardrum is more than just painful - it can sometimes lead to hearing loss. Learn about ruptured eardrums and how to prevent them.
Ears
Hearing may be the ears' main job, but it's not all they do. Learn all about the ears in this Body Basics article.
How Can Parents Help Kids Handle Teasing?
Find out what the experts have to say.
How to Give Your Child Ear Drops
Tips for parents on getting drops into a child's ear.
Immunizations and Cochlear Implants
Children with cochlear implants have a higher risk than other kids of getting some types of bacterial meningitis. Vaccines can help protect them.
Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma
A juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma is a growth in the area behind the nose. They're benign but can damage nerves and bones and block ear and sinus drainage. Almost all JNAs are in teenage boys.
Laryngomalacia
Laryngomalacia is a common cause of noisy breathing in infants. Most of the time, laryngomalacia gets better on its own.
Nasopharyngoscopy
A nasopharyngoscopy is an exam doctors do to view the back of the throat.
Orofacial Clefts
A cleft is when tissues of the mouth or lip don't form properly when a baby is developing in the womb. The good news is that orofacial clefts are treatable.
Ototoxicity (Ear Poisoning)
Ototoxicity is when a person develops hearing or balance problems. Learn about this side effect of taking certain medicines.
Peritonsillar Abscess
Older kids and teens with tonsilitis sometimes develop this painful abscess, a pus-filled tissue at the back of the mouth.
Sinonasal Tumors
A sinonasal tumor is a growth in the nose, the space behind the nose, or in the sinuses. The tumors can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer).
Speech-Language Therapy
Working with a certified speech-language pathologist can help a child with speech or language difficulties.
Speech-Language Therapy for Children With Cleft Palate
Speech-language pathologists help kids with speech problems related to a cleft palate. Find out what they do.
Stuttering
Many young kids go through a stage when they stutter. Stuttering usually goes away on its own but in some cases lasts longer.
Submucous Cleft Palate
In a submucous cleft palate, the muscles of the palate don't form properly, but the tissue that lines the roof of the mouth does. This makes these clefts harder to see.
Tonsillectomy
A tonsillectomy is surgery to remove the tonsils. It's one of the most common surgeries kids and teens get. Find out more.
Tympanoplasty
Tympanoplasty is a surgery to repair a hole in the eardrum that doesn’t close on its own. It can improve hearing and prevent water from getting into the middle ear.
Velopharyngeal Dysfunction
When sound and air leaks into the nasal cavity during speech, this is called velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD).
Vocal Cord Dysfunction
Vocal cord dysfunction means that the vocal cords partially close during breathing, so air has more trouble getting through.
- Endocrine Glands, Growth & Diabetes
Endocrine Glands, Growth & Diabetes
A to Z: Failure to Thrive
Failure to thrive refers to a child's inability to gain weight and grow as expected for kids of the same age and gender. Most diagnoses are made in the first few years of life.
Acanthosis Nigricans
Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is a condition that causes the skin to thicken and darken in places. AN is not harmful or contagious, but can be a sign of certain other medical conditions.
Adrenal Insufficiency
Adrenal insufficiency is a condition that happens when the adrenal glands do not work as they should.
Can Diabetes Be Prevented?
Parents want to protect their kids from everything, which is virtually impossible, of course. But can you prevent your child from getting diabetes?
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) affects the adrenal glands, which make important hormones. Symptoms depend on a child's age, sex, and which hormones the adrenal glands make too little or too much of.
Congenital Hypothyroidism
Some babies are born with a thyroid gland that didn't develop correctly or doesn't work as it should. This is called congenital hypothyroidism.
Craniopharyngioma
A craniopharyngioma is a rare type of benign brain tumor. Most people treated for a craniopharyngioma are cured.
Cushing Syndrome
Cushing syndrome can happen when there are too many glucocorticoid hormones in the body.
Delayed Puberty
Puberty usually begins in girls 8-14, and in boys 9-15. If kids pass this normal age range without showing any signs of body changes, it's called delayed puberty.
Diabetes Center
Does your child have type 1 or type 2 diabetes? Learn how to manage the disease and keep your child healthy.
Failure to Thrive
Most kids grow well but some have ”failure to thrive.” This means they don't gain weight as expected and may not grow as tall as they should.
Goiters and Thyroid Nodules
An enlarged thyroid gland is a lump that can be felt under the skin at the front of the neck. When it's big enough to see easily, it's called a goiter. A thyroid nodule is a lump or enlarged area in the thyroid gland.
Growth Hormone Deficiency
When the body doesn't make enough growth hormone to allow a child to grow at a normal pace, it's called growth hormone deficiency. Learn how doctors check for and treat this problem.
Hyperthyroidism and Graves’ Disease
Hyperthyroidism happens when the thyroid gland sends too much thyroid hormone into the blood. The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves' disease.
Hypothyroidism and Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
An underactive thyroid makes too little thyroid hormone, causing hypothyroidism. Hashimoto's thyroiditis, which causes most cases of hypothyroidism in kids and teens, is a condition in which the immune system attacks the thyroid.
Insulin Resistance
Insulin resistance happens when the body does not respond properly to insulin. It can can raise a child's risk for type 2 diabetes and other health problems.
Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR)
Intrauterine growth restriction is when a baby in the womb doesn't grow at the expected rate during the pregnancy. Women with IUGR should eat a healthy diet; get enough sleep; and avoid alcohol, drugs, and tobacco.
Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma
A juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma is a growth in the area behind the nose. They're benign but can damage nerves and bones and block ear and sinus drainage. Almost all JNAs are in teenage boys.
Klinefelter Syndrome
Boys with this condition have an extra "X" chromosome that prevents them from developing normally during puberty. But hormone treatments, counseling, and other therapies can help.
Metabolic Syndrome
Metabolic syndrome is a group of health problems that put kids at risk for heart disease and diabetes. With lifestyle changes, many kids improve their health and reduce their risk of disease.
Pancreatitis
Pancreatitis is sometimes mistaken for a stomach virus because symptoms can include fever, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Symptoms usually get better on their own, but sometimes treatment is needed.
Thyroid Cancer
Thyroid cancer is uncommon in kids. Most who develop it do very well when the cancer is found and treated early.
Thyroid Disease
The thyroid gland makes the hormones that help control metabolism and growth. A thyroid that isn't working properly can cause thyroid disease.
Thyroid Tests
Thyroid blood tests check thyroid function and can help doctors diagnose thyroid disorders such as hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.
Transition of Care: Diabetes
Most teens with diabetes should transition to an adult health care provider when they're between 18 and 21 years old. Here's how parents can help them do that.
Treating Type 1 Diabetes
For kids diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, it's important to create a diabetes management plan to help them manage the condition and stay healthy and active.
Treating Type 2 Diabetes
Kids who are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes will need a diabetes management plan to help them manage the condition and stay healthy and active.
Type 1 Diabetes: What Is It?
Every year in the United States, 13,000 children are diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. With some practical knowledge, you can become your child's most important ally in learning to live with the disease.
Type 2 Diabetes: What Is It?
Learning what you can about type 2 diabetes will let you help your child manage and live with the disease. Here are the basics.
What Is Gestational Diabetes?
Find out what the experts have to say.
What Is a Growth Disorder?
The other kids in the class have been getting taller and developing into young adults, but your child's growth seems to be lagging behind. Could a growth disorder be the cause?
- Eye Conditions & Problems
Eye Conditions & Problems
Amblyopia
Amblyopia interferes with the way the eye and the brain work together. The result is poor vision. Treatment may involve glasses, patches, eye drops, or surgery.
Congenital Cataracts
A baby with congenital cataracts has clouding in one or both eyes. Doctors do surgery to treat them.
Eye Injuries
You can treat many minor eye irritations by flushing the eye, but more serious injuries require medical attention.
First Aid: Eye Injuries
Some eye injuries can be treated at home, while others require a visit to the doctor or emergency room. Find out what to do if your child has eye pain.
First Aid: Pinkeye
Pinkeye is an inflammation of the white part of the eye and the inner eyelids. Although some kinds of pinkeye go away on their own, others require treatment.
Glaucoma
Glaucoma damages the optic nerve. The condition gets worse over time and leads to a loss of vision if not treated.
Pinkeye (Conjunctivitis)
Pinkeye, or conjunctivitis, is the most common eye infection affecting kids. Learn more about pinkeye and how to prevent it from spreading.
Ptosis
Ptosis is drooping of the upper eyelid. Many things can cause it.
Retinitis Pigmentosa
Retinitis pigmentosa is a genetic condition that leads to vision loss over time.
Retinoblastoma
Retinoblastoma is a childhood cancer that affects the retina, the area of the eye responsible for sensing light and sending nerve signals to the brain.
Retinopathy of Prematurity
Retinopathy of prematurity, which can happen in premature babies, causes abnormal blood vessel growth in the retina. Some children will need surgery to prevent vision loss or blindness.
Strabismus
Strabismus causes eyes to wander or cross. Treatment may include glasses, patches, eye drops, or surgery.
Tear-Duct Blockage
Blocked tear ducts are a fairly common problem in infants. The earlier they're discovered, the less likely it is that infection will result or surgery will be necessary.
Vision Facts and Myths
Old wives' tales abound about the eyes. From watching TV to eating carrots, here's the lowdown on some vision facts and fiction.
Your Child's Vision
It's important for kids to have their eyes examined regularly, as many vision problems and eye diseases can be detected and treated early.
- Genetic, Chromosomal & Metabolic Conditions
Genetic, Chromosomal & Metabolic Conditions
22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome
22q11.2 deletion syndrome is a genetic condition that can cause a variety of physical and behavioral problems.
Birth Defects
Some birth defects are minor and cause no problems; others cause major disabilities. Learn about the different types of birth defects, and how to help prevent them.
CLOVES Syndrome
CLOVES syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder that causes vascular, skin, spinal, and bone or joint abnormalities.
Cardiofaciocutaneous Syndrome
Cardiofaciocutaneous (CFC) syndrome is a rare genetic condition. It affects the heart, facial features, and skin.
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease (CMT)
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is a neurological disorder. It causes muscle weakness and numbness, most commonly in the arms and legs.
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) affects the adrenal glands, which make important hormones. Symptoms depend on a child's age, sex, and which hormones the adrenal glands make too little or too much of.
Congenital Hypothyroidism
Some babies are born with a thyroid gland that didn't develop correctly or doesn't work as it should. This is called congenital hypothyroidism.
Costello Syndrome
Costello syndrome is a very rare disorder that affects multiple organ systems. It causes causes problems that affect a child's heart, muscles, bones, skin, brain, and spinal cord.
Down Syndrome
Down syndrome is a condition in which extra genetic material causes delays in the way a child develops, both physically and mentally.
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the most common form of muscular dystrophy. It gradually makes the body's muscles weaker.
Dwarfism
Dwarfism is characterized by short stature. Many of the possible complications of dwarfism are treatable, and people of short stature lead healthy, active lives.
G6PD Deficiency
G6PD deficiency an inherited condition in which someone doesn't have enough of the enzyme G6PD, which protects red blood cells.
Galactosemia
Some babies are born with the metabolic disorder glactosemia. They must drink soy-based formula instead of breast milk or a cow's milk-based formula.
Gene Changes (Mutations)
A gene mutation is a change in one or more genes. Some mutations can lead to genetic disorders or illnesses.
Goiters and Thyroid Nodules
An enlarged thyroid gland is a lump that can be felt under the skin at the front of the neck. When it's big enough to see easily, it's called a goiter. A thyroid nodule is a lump or enlarged area in the thyroid gland.
Hemophilia
Hemophilia is a rare bleeding disorder that prevents the blood from clotting properly. With modern treatment, most kids who have it can lead full, healthy lives.
Hemophilia: Handling Bleeds
Kids with hemophilia can bleed easily or longer than normal. So it's important for parents to know how to handle bleeding when it happens.
Hereditary Hemochromatosis
This genetic disease causes the body to store too much iron. Learn more about hemochromatosis.
Hyperthyroidism and Graves’ Disease
Hyperthyroidism happens when the thyroid gland sends too much thyroid hormone into the blood. The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves' disease.
Hypothyroidism and Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
An underactive thyroid makes too little thyroid hormone, causing hypothyroidism. Hashimoto's thyroiditis, which causes most cases of hypothyroidism in kids and teens, is a condition in which the immune system attacks the thyroid.
Klinefelter Syndrome
Boys with this condition have an extra "X" chromosome that prevents them from developing normally during puberty. But hormone treatments, counseling, and other therapies can help.
Legius Syndrome
Legius syndrome is a rare genetic condition. Kids who have it have multiple café-au-lait spots on their skin and might be slower to walk, talk, and reach other milestones than most kids.
Marfan Syndrome
Marfan syndrome affects the body's connective tissue and can cause problems in the eyes, joints, and heart. Even though the disease has no cure, doctors can successfully treat just about all of its symptoms.
Muscular Dystrophy
Muscular dystrophy is a disorder that weakens a person's muscles over time. People who have the disease can gradually lose the ability to do everyday tasks.
Neurocutaneous Syndromes
Neurocutaneous syndromes are genetic disorders that lead to tumor growth in various parts of the body. Learn how to maximize the quality of life for children with these diseases.
Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic condition that causes benign tumors in and under the skin, often with bone, hormone, and other problems. Learn more about how it's diagnosed and treated.
Newborn Screening Tests
Newborn screening tests look for health conditions that aren't apparent at birth. Find out which tests are done.
Noonan Syndrome
Noonan syndrome is a condition that some babies are born with. It causes changes in the face and chest, and usually includes heart problems.
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a metabolic disorder caused by a defect in the enzyme that breaks down an amino acid. PKU is treatable when it is found early.
Prenatal Genetic Counseling
Genetic counselors work with people who are either planning to have a baby or are pregnant to determine whether they carry the genes for certain inherited disorders. Find out more.
Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency
Pyruvate kinase deficiency is a condition that can lead to anemia. Most people with the condition lead a healthy life.
RASopathies
RASopathies are a group of genetic conditions caused by problems in the RAS pathway, which is one way cells in the body communicate.
Sanfilippo Syndrome
Sanfilippo syndrome is a rare condition in which the body can't break down certain carbohydrates (sugars) in the blood, leading to serious problems in the brain and nervous system.
Sickle Cell Trait
Children who inherit one sickle cell gene have sickle cell trait. They usually don't get symptoms of sickle cell disease.
Tay-Sachs Disease
A baby with Tay-Sachs disease is born without an important enzyme, so fatty proteins build up in the brain, hurting the baby's sight, hearing, movement, and mental development.
Thyroid Cancer
Thyroid cancer is uncommon in kids. Most who develop it do very well when the cancer is found and treated early.
Thyroid Disease
The thyroid gland makes the hormones that help control metabolism and growth. A thyroid that isn't working properly can cause thyroid disease.
Thyroid Tests
Thyroid blood tests check thyroid function and can help doctors diagnose thyroid disorders such as hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.
Treacher Collins Syndrome
Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) refers to a group of facial features that some babies are born with. TCS causes distinctive abnormalities of the head and face, but doesn't affect intelligence or lifespan.
Triple X Syndrome
Triple X syndrome (also known as XXX syndrome, 47,XXX, and trisomy X) is a genetic condition found in girls only. Girls who have it may be taller than average, but the symptoms can vary greatly.
Tuberous Sclerosis
Tuberous sclerosis is a condition that causes the growth of benign tumors. Symptoms can range from mild to severe.
Turner Syndrome
Girls with Turner syndrome, a genetic condition, usually are shorter than average and infertile due to early loss of ovarian function. Early diagnosis and treatments can help most of them.
What Is Epigenetics?
Epigenetics - the idea that environmental factors can change the health not only of the people who are exposed to them, but also the health of their descendants - is something we'll be hearing more about.
XYY Syndrome
XYY syndrome is a rare genetic condition that affects only males. Boys who have it may be taller than average, but the symptoms can vary greatly.
- Heart & Blood Vessels
Heart & Blood Vessels
A to Z: Beta Thalassemia
Learn about genetic disorders and diseases and conditions that affect the blood.
Alpha Thalassemia
Alpha thalassemia is a blood disorder in which the body has a problem producing alpha globin, a component of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen throughout the body.
Anemia
Anemia happens when there aren't enough healthy red blood cells in the body. It can be caused by many things, including dietary problems, medical treatments, and inherited conditions.
Aortic Aneurysm
An aortic aneurysm is weak spot in the large artery that carries blood from the heart (the aorta). Kids who have one need regular checkups and care to prevent emergencies.
Aortic Stenosis
Aortic stenosis means the aortic valve is too small, narrow, or stiff. Many people have no symptoms, but kids with more severe cases will need surgery so that blood flows properly through the body.
Aplastic Anemia
Aplastic anemia happens when the body can't make enough blood cells. A person can develop anemia, infections, and bleeding. Treatments can help with most kinds of aplastic anemia.
Arrhythmia (Abnormal Heartbeat)
An arrhythmia is an abnormal heartbeat usually caused by an electrical "short circuit" in the heart. Many are minor and not a health threat, but some can indicate a more serious problem.
Arteriovenous Malformations
An arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is an abnormal connection between an artery and a vein. Large AVMs or multiple AVMs usually need medical treatment.
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
Atrial septal defect (ASD) — also known as a "hole in the heart" — is a type of congenital heart defect. Most ASDs are diagnosed and treated successfully.
Beta Thalassemia
Beta thalassemia is a blood disorder in which the body has a problem producing beta globin, a component of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen throughout the body.
Blood Types
Categorizing blood according to type helps prevent reactions when someone gets a blood transfusion. Find out how blood types work.
Body Basics: The Heart (Slideshow)
Learn how this amazing muscle pumps blood throughout the body.
Cardiac Catheterization
This minimally invasive procedure helps doctors perform diagnostic tests on the heart and even treat some heart conditions.
Cardiac Stents
Cardiac stents are very small mesh wire tubes that hold blood vessels open so that blood can flow through the vessels normally. Find out about the procedure to place a stent.
Cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathy is when the heart muscle becomes weak and enlarged, which makes it difficult to pump blood through the body. There’s usually no cure for the condition in children, but it can be treated.
Cholesterol
Most parents probably don't think about what cholesterol means for their kids. But high cholesterol is a risk factor for heart disease, which has its roots in childhood.
Chylous Ascites
Chylous ascites is when chyle collects in the belly. Depending on what's causing it, doctors can treat chylous ascites and often cure it.
Chyluria
Chyluria is when there is chyle in the pee. Depending on what's causing it, chyluria can be treated and often can be cured.
Coarctation of the Aorta
Coarctation of the aorta (COA) is a narrowing of the aorta, the major blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to the body.
Congenital Heart Defects
Heart defects happen when there's a problem with a baby's heart development during pregnancy. Most heart defects can be treated during infancy.
Congenital Hemangiomas
A hemangioma is a growth of tangled blood vessels. A congenital hemangioma is one that a baby is born with. They're usually a bluish or purple circle or oval.
Dictionary: Aorta
The aorta is the major blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to the rest of the body.
Dictionary: Blalock-Taussig (BT) shunt
A Blalock-Taussig (BT) shunt is a small, soft tube that lets blood in the body be redirected.
Dictionary: Blood Pressure
Blood pressure is a measurement that tells how hard the heart is pumping to move blood through the blood vessels.
Dictionary: Heart Transplant
A heart transplant is a surgery where doctors remove a person's sick heart and replace it with a healthy donor heart.
Dictionary: Inferior Vena Cava
The inferior vena cava is the large vein that returns blood from the legs and abdomen to the heart.
Dictionary: Interstage Period
Babies with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) need three surgeries. The time between the first and second surgeries is called the interstage period.
Dictionary: Left Atrium
The left atrium receives blood full of oxygen from the lungs and then empties the blood into the left ventricle.
Dictionary: Left Ventricle
The left ventricle pumps blood full of oxygen out to the body.
Dictionary: Open-Heart Surgery
Open-heart surgery is surgery that involves opening the chest and heart. A heart-lung machine does the work for the heart and lungs during the procedure.
Dictionary: Right Atrium
The right atrium receives blood low in oxygen from the body and then empties the blood into the right ventricle.
Dictionary: Sano shunt
A Sano shunt is a small, soft tube that lets blood in the body be redirected.
Dictionary: Single Ventricle Defect
Having a single ventricle means that only one of the heart's two ventricles (pumping chambers) works well enough to pump blood.
Dictionary: Superior Vena Cava
The superior vena cava is the large vein that returns blood from the head and arms to the heart.
Double Outlet Right Ventricle (DORV)
Double outlet right ventricle (DORV) is a heart defect where the aorta connects to the heart in the wrong place.
Ebstein Anomaly
Ebstein anomaly is a rare heart defect that affects the tricuspid valve. It can cause problems that range from very mild to very serious.
Echocardiogram
An echocardiogram (also called an echo or cardiac ultrasound) uses sound waves to create pictures of the heart. It shows the structure of the heart and its parts and how well they’re working.
Embolization
Embolization is a procedure in which plugging material or a plugging object is put into a blood vessel to block it. It's used to help treat many conditions.
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO)
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is the use of a machine to do the work that the heart and lungs normally do.
Fetal Echocardiogram
A fetal echocardiogram (also called a fetal echo) uses sound waves to create pictures of an unborn baby's heart.
G6PD Deficiency
G6PD deficiency an inherited condition in which someone doesn't have enough of the enzyme G6PD, which protects red blood cells.
Heart Health
Are you heart smart? Learn about this amazing muscle, including how to care for kids with heart conditions.
Heart Murmurs
Heart murmurs are very common, and most are no cause for concern and won't affect a child's health.
Hemangiomas
A hemangioma is a growth of tangled blood vessels. Most hemangiomas grow larger for several months, then shrink slowly. Some will require treatment.
Hemolytic Anemia
Hemolytic anemia is a type of anemia that happens when red blood cells break down faster than the body can make them.
Hemophilia
Hemophilia is a rare bleeding disorder that prevents the blood from clotting properly. With modern treatment, most kids who have it can lead full, healthy lives.
Hemophilia: Handling Bleeds
Kids with hemophilia can bleed easily or longer than normal. So it's important for parents to know how to handle bleeding when it happens.
Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (HSP)
Most kids who develop this inflammation of the blood vessels (marked by a raised red and purple rash) make a full recovery and have no long-term problems.
Hereditary Spherocytosis
Hereditary spherocytosis is an inherited blood disorder. Treatments can help with symptoms.
Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)
When someone has hypertension (high blood pressure), the heart has to pump harder and the arteries are under more strain as they carry blood.
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS)
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a birth defect of a baby’s heart. The left side of the heart doesn’t grow as it should, making it smaller and weaker than normal.
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome Surgery: The Fontan Procedure
The Fontan procedure is open-heart surgery done as the third of three surgeries to treat hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS).
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome Surgery: The Glenn Procedure
The Glenn procedure is open-heart surgery done as the second of three surgeries to treat hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS).
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome Surgery: The Norwood Procedure
The Norwood procedure is open-heart surgery done as the first of three surgeries to treat hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS).
Immune Thrombocytopenia
Immune thrombocytopenia happens when the immune system attacks platelets. Viral infections often trigger this in children, but it usually goes away within 6 months.
Infantile Hemangiomas
A hemangioma is a growth of tangled blood vessels. An infantile hemangioma becomes visible in the first few weeks after birth.
Interrupted Aortic Arch (IAA)
An interrupted aortic arch (IAA) is a rare heart condition in which the aorta doesn’t form completely. Surgery must be done within the first few days of a baby’s life to close the gap in the aorta.
Iron-Deficiency Anemia
Iron helps the body carry oxygen in the blood and plays a key role in brain and muscle function. Too little iron can lead to iron-deficiency anemia.
Kawasaki Disease
Kawasaki disease is an illness that causes inflammation in blood vessels throughout the body. When symptoms are noticed early and treated, kids begin to feel better within a few days.
Long QT Syndrome
Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a condition that affects the electrical system of the heart. Some kids have no symptoms, while others may feel changes in their heartbeat or feel lightheaded.
Lymphatic Malformations
A lymphatic malformation is a clump of lymph vessels that form a growing spongy cluster. They're unusual growths, but are not cancerous.
Marfan Syndrome
Marfan syndrome affects the body's connective tissue and can cause problems in the eyes, joints, and heart. Even though the disease has no cure, doctors can successfully treat just about all of its symptoms.
Metabolic Syndrome
Metabolic syndrome is a group of health problems that put kids at risk for heart disease and diabetes. With lifestyle changes, many kids improve their health and reduce their risk of disease.
Mitral Valve Prolapse
Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a very common heart condition, but it isn't a critical heart problem or a sign of other serious medical conditions.
Noonan Syndrome
Noonan syndrome is a condition that some babies are born with. It causes changes in the face and chest, and usually includes heart problems.
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
The ductus arteriosus is a blood vessel that connects two major arteries before birth and normally closes after a baby is born. If it stays open, the result is a condition called patent ductus arteriosus (PDA).
Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO)
The foramen ovale is a normal opening between the upper two chambers of an unborn baby’s heart. It usually closes soon after the baby’s birth — when it doesn't, it's called a patent foramen ovale.
Plastic Bronchitis
Plastic bronchitis happens when fluid collects in the lungs. Instead of draining out, it leaks into the airways and forms rubbery plugs called casts.
Port-Wine Stains
For most kids, these birthmarks are no big deal. Port-wine stains won't go away on their own, but they can be treated.
Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS)
Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) happens when the autonomic nervous system — which controls things like heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing — doesn't work as it should.
Premature Ventricular Contractions
A premature ventricular contraction (PVC) is an early heartbeat that happens between normal heartbeats. PVCs usually are harmless.
Pulmonary Stenosis
Pulmonary stenosis means the pulmonary valve is too small, narrow, or stiff. Many people have no symptoms, but kids with more severe cases will need surgery so that blood flows properly through the body.
Pulse Oximetry (Pulse Ox)
Pulse oximetry, a simple test that measures the amount of oxygen in the bloodstream, may give the first clue that there is a heart or lung problem.
Raynaud's Syndrome
Raynaud's syndrome makes a person's fingers or toes temporarily feel cold, numb, tingly, or painful.
Sclerotherapy
Sclerotherapy is a procedure in which medicine is injected into blood vessels or lymph vessels to make them close. It's used to treat vascular malformations.
Sickle Cell Disease
Sickle cell disease is a blood disorder that makes red blood cells change shape and cause health problems. Find out how to help your child.
Single Ventricle Defects
Usually, a heart has two working ventricles (pumping chambers). Having a single ventricle means that only one of the two ventricles works well enough to pump blood.
Stem Cell Transplants
Stem cells help rebuild a weakened immune system. Stem cell transplants are effective treatments for a wide range of diseases, including cancer.
Strokes
This "brain attack" happens when blood flow to the brain stops, even for a second. Often, kids who have a stroke can learn to use their arms and legs and speak again through brain retraining.
Sturge-Weber Syndrome
Sturge-Weber syndrome is a problem with the way blood vessels grow in the skin, eyes, and brain. When a baby is born with a port-wine birthmark on the face, doctors will look for other signs of Sturge-Weber.
Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT)
Supraventricular tachycardia is a type of abnormal heart rhythm in which the heart beats very quickly.
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a combination of problems caused by a birth defect that changes the way blood flows through the heart.
Thrombocytopenia
Thrombocytopenia is when someone has too few platelets in their bloodstream. Many things can cause it and most can be treated.
Tricuspid Atresia
Tricuspid atresia is a congenital heart defect. A baby born with tricuspid atresia often has serious symptoms soon after birth because blood flow to the lungs is much less than normal.
Truncus Arteriosus
Truncus arteriosus is a heart defect that happens when a child is born with one large artery instead of two separate arteries.
Venous Malformations
A venous malformation (VM) is a place in the body where veins haven't grown the right way. VMs can be difficult to treat.
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
Ventricular septal defect (VSD) — also known as a "hole in the heart" — is a congenital heart defect. Most VSDs are diagnosed and treated successfully.
Von Willebrand Disease
Easy bruising and excessive bleeding can be signs of Von Willebrand disease, a genetic disorder that affects blood's ability to clot.
When Your Child Needs a Heart Transplant
If your child needs a heart transplant, you're probably feeling lots of emotions. Fortunately, many kids who undergo heart transplants go on to live normal, healthy lives.
Words to Know (Heart Glossary)
A guide to medical terms about the heart and circulatory system. In an easy A-Z format, find definitions on heart defects, heart conditions, treatments, and more.
- Kidney & Urinary System
Kidney & Urinary System
Blood in the Urine (Hematuria)
If your child has blood in the urine, don't panic. Most of the time it's not serious. Find out what causes it and what to do about it.
Chyluria
Chyluria is when there is chyle in the pee. Depending on what's causing it, chyluria can be treated and often can be cured.
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) affects the adrenal glands, which make important hormones. Symptoms depend on a child's age, sex, and which hormones the adrenal glands make too little or too much of.
Dialysis
Dialysis is a medical treatment that can take over the job of cleaning the blood when the kidneys can't.
Glomerulonephritis
Glomerulonephritis happens when tiny filtering units in the kidneys stop working properly. Most cases get better on their own or with treatment.
Hemodialysis
Hemodialysis is a medical treatment that uses a machine with a special filter to take waste and extra water out of the blood.
Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (HSP)
Most kids who develop this inflammation of the blood vessels (marked by a raised red and purple rash) make a full recovery and have no long-term problems.
Hydrocele
A hydrocele is a pouch of fluid around the testicle inside the scrotum. Hydroceles are common in newborns, especially preemies.
Hypospadias
Hypospadias is when the urethra — the tube that drains pee from the bladder to outside the body — opens in a different place instead of at the tip of the penis.
Kidney Diseases in Childhood
The kidneys play a critical role in health. When something goes wrong, it could indicate a kidney disease. What are kidney diseases, and how can they be treated?
Kidney Stones
Kidney stones mostly happen to adults, but sometimes kids and teens can get them. Find out what kidney stones are, how to treat them, and ways to help prevent them.
Meatal Stenosis
The meatus is the opening in a boy's penis where the urine (pee) comes out. Meatal stenosis is when this is too small.
Meatoplasty
The treatment for meatal stenosis is a simple procedure to make the opening of the meatus bigger called a meatoplasty.
Nephrotic Syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome happens when tiny filtering units in the kidneys stop working properly. This can cause weight gain and other symptoms. Most kids eventually outgrow it.
Peritoneal Dialysis
This medical treatment helps people with kidney failure. It can be done at home, often overnight, to take over the kidneys' job of filtering blood.
Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections and Related Conditions
Recurrent urinary tract infections can cause kidney damage if left untreated, especially in kids under age 6. Here's how to recognize the symptom of UTIs and get help for your child.
Renal Tubular Acidosis
This kidney problem causes acid levels in the blood to become too high, causing fatigue, muscle weakness, and other kidney problems. The condition is usually treatable.
Testicular Torsion
This emergency condition causes extreme genital pain and usually requires surgery to save a boy's testicle. If your son has groin pain, get him to a doctor right away.
Ureteral Stent
A ureteral stent is a small plastic tube placed inside the ureter to help pee pass from a kidney into the bladder.
Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR)
This problem with the urinary tract causes urine to flow backward from the bladder to the kidneys. Most cases can be treated effectively, and many kids outgrow the condition.
When Your Child Has a Chronic Kidney Disease
Parents of kids who have a chronic kidney disease often worry about what might happen next, how their child feels, and what treatments are likely to be involved. Find answers here.
When Your Child Needs a Kidney Transplant
If your child needs a kidney transplant, you're probably feeling lots of emotions. Fortunately, many kids who undergo kidney transplants go on to live normal, healthy lives.
Wilms Tumor
Wilms tumor is a cancer of the kidneys that usually affects newborns and the very young. Fortunately, most kids with Wilms tumor survive and go on to live normal, healthy lives.
- Learning Disorders
Learning Disorders
ADHD
ADHD is a common medical condition that can affect kids at school, at home, and in friendships. This article is for parents who want to learn more about ADHD and how to help kids get the best diagnosis and care.
ADHD Medicines
Medicine doesn’t cure ADHD. But it does help boost a child's ability to pay attention, slow down, and have more self-control. This article for parents has details on how ADHD medicines help.
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Autism spectrum disorder affects a child's ability to communicate and learn. Early intervention and treatment can help kids improve skills and do their best.
Neurocutaneous Syndromes
Neurocutaneous syndromes are genetic disorders that lead to tumor growth in various parts of the body. Learn how to maximize the quality of life for children with these diseases.
Therapy for ADHD
Therapy is part of the treatment for most kids and teens diagnosed with ADHD. This article helps parents learn what to expect and how therapy works.
Understanding Dyslexia
Dyslexia is a learning disability that makes it hard to learn to read and understand written language. Even kids with average or above-average intelligence can have dyslexia.
- Lungs & Respiratory System
Lungs & Respiratory System
Apnea of Prematurity
Apnea of prematurity (AOP) is a condition in which premature infants stop breathing for 15 to 20 seconds during sleep. AOP usually goes away on its own as a baby matures.
Asthma
Asthma makes it hard to breathe. But with treatment, the condition can be managed so that kids can still do the things they love. Learn all about asthma.
Bronchitis
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes. When a person has bronchitis, it may be harder for air to pass in and out of the lungs.
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD)
Babies who are born prematurely or who experience respiratory problems shortly after birth are at risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), sometimes called chronic lung disease.
Chylothorax
A chlylothorax happens when chyle (lymphatic fluid) collects in the space around a lung.
Cystic Fibrosis
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder that affects the lungs and digestive system Kids who have it can get lung infections often and have trouble breathing.
Cystic Fibrosis and Nutrition
Besides extra calories, kids with cystic fibrosis have some specific nutritional needs. Find out ways to help your child with CF grow healthy and strong.
Dietary Tips for Kids With Cystic Fibrosis
Kids with cystic fibrosis have some special nutritional needs. Here's how parents can help them.
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO)
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is the use of a machine to do the work that the heart and lungs normally do.
Fetal Lung Mass
A fetal lung mass is an unusual lump that grows inside or next to an unborn baby’s lung. Some are treated before birth, while others are removed after the baby is born.
Incentive Spirometer
An incentive spirometer trains people to take slow, deep breaths. It's used during recovery from some types of surgery or as a way to manage illness. Find out how it works.
Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Newborns
An intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is bleeding in and around the brain’s ventricles. Most babies with a mild IVH do well.
Laryngomalacia
Laryngomalacia is a common cause of noisy breathing in infants. Most of the time, laryngomalacia gets better on its own.
Managing Asthma
Asthma control can take a little time and energy to master, but it's worth the effort. Learn more about ways to manage your child's asthma.
Meconium Aspiration Syndrome (MAS)
Meconium aspiration can happen before, during, or after labor and delivery when a newborn inhales a mixture of meconium and amniotic fluid. Although it can be serious, most cases are not.
Plastic Bronchitis
Plastic bronchitis happens when fluid collects in the lungs. Instead of draining out, it leaks into the airways and forms rubbery plugs called casts.
Pulse Oximetry (Pulse Ox)
Pulse oximetry, a simple test that measures the amount of oxygen in the bloodstream, may give the first clue that there is a heart or lung problem.
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Sometimes when babies are born premature, they have trouble breathing. This can be caused by respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Learn what RDS is, and how babies can be helped.
Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn (TTN)
For some newborns, the first few breaths of life may be faster and more labored than normal because of a lung condition called transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN).
Vocal Cord Dysfunction
Vocal cord dysfunction means that the vocal cords partially close during breathing, so air has more trouble getting through.
- Sexual & Reproductive System
Sexual & Reproductive System
A to Z: Yeast Infection
See: Candidiasis.
Hydrocele
A hydrocele is a pouch of fluid around the testicle inside the scrotum. Hydroceles are common in newborns, especially preemies.
Klinefelter Syndrome
Boys with this condition have an extra "X" chromosome that prevents them from developing normally during puberty. But hormone treatments, counseling, and other therapies can help.
Miscarriages
Miscarriages are common, and in most cases aren't preventable. But you can take steps to increase your chances of having a healthy pregnancy.
PMS, Cramps, and Irregular Periods
Most period problems are common and normal. But some might be a sign that there's something else going on.
Precocious Puberty
Precocious puberty - when signs of puberty start before age 7 or 8 in girls and age 9 for boys - can be tough for kids. But it can be treated.
Talking to Your Kids About STDs
Your kids need to understand how STDs spread and how to protect themselves. Here's how to talk to them about sexually transmitted diseases.
Testicular Torsion
This emergency condition causes extreme genital pain and usually requires surgery to save a boy's testicle. If your son has groin pain, get him to a doctor right away.
Turner Syndrome
Girls with Turner syndrome, a genetic condition, usually are shorter than average and infertile due to early loss of ovarian function. Early diagnosis and treatments can help most of them.
Vaginal Yeast Infections
Vaginal yeast infections are common among growing girls, and can cause some pain and discomfort. They usually clear up quickly with proper medical treatment.
Vaginitis in Children
Vaginitis is redness, soreness, or swelling in and around the vagina. It's common in girls of all ages, and usually can be treated at home.
Your Daughter's First Gynecology Visit
The idea of going to the gynecologist may make your daughter feel nervous. Here's how to make her feel more comfortable about a well-woman visit.
- Sleep Disorders
Sleep Disorders
Night Terrors
A night terror seems similar to a nightmare, but it's far more dramatic. Night terrors can be alarming, but aren't usually cause for concern or a sign of a medical issue.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Brief pauses in breathing during sleep can be normal. But when breathing stops often or for longer periods, it can be a cause for concern.
Sleep Problems in Teens
Does your teen have trouble falling asleep at night? Is he or she sleepy during the day? Find out if it's just a normal part of adolescence, or if something else is to blame.
Sleepwalking
Although it can be unnerving to see, sleepwalking is actually very common in kids. Here's how to keep your young sleepwalker safe.
- Allergies & the Immune System
- Doctors & Hospitals
Doctors & Hospitals
- Caring for a Seriously or Chronically Ill Child
Caring for a Seriously or Chronically Ill Child
Balancing Academics and Serious Illness
When your child has a serious or chronic illness, it's hard to think beyond the next treatment. But with planning and communication, you can help your child balance treatment and academics.
Birth Defects
Some birth defects are minor and cause no problems; others cause major disabilities. Learn about the different types of birth defects, and how to help prevent them.
Camps for Kids With Special Needs
There are many camp choices for kids with special needs. From highly specialized camps to regular camps that accommodate kids with special needs, options abound.
Cardiofaciocutaneous Syndrome
Cardiofaciocutaneous (CFC) syndrome is a rare genetic condition. It affects the heart, facial features, and skin.
Caring for Siblings of Kids With Special Needs
Kids love their siblings. Often, those who have a brother or sister with special needs want to help. Here's how to help them feel loved and secure about their place in the family.
Caring for a Seriously Ill Child
Taking care of a chronically ill child is one of the most draining and difficult tasks a parent can face. But support groups, social workers, and family friends often can help.
Cerebral Palsy Checklist: Babies & Preschoolers
If your child has cerebral palsy, there's a lot to know. This checklist makes it easy to find out what programs and services may be available to you.
Cerebral Palsy Checklist: Big Kids
If you have a school-age child with cerebral palsy, there's a lot to know. This checklist makes it easy to find out what programs and services may be available to you.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy (chemo) is treatment with medicines that stop the growth of cancer cells.
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a complicated disease. It's a physical condition that also can also affect a person emotionally.
Congenital Heart Defects
Heart defects happen when there's a problem with a baby's heart development during pregnancy. Most heart defects can be treated during infancy.
Costello Syndrome
Costello syndrome is a very rare disorder that affects multiple organ systems. It causes causes problems that affect a child's heart, muscles, bones, skin, brain, and spinal cord.
Does My Child Need an Antibiotic? (Video)
Antibiotics are powerful medicines that can help kids feel better -- but only when they have certain illnesses. Find out if an antibiotic is right for your child.
Electronic Health Records
Many health institutions digitally store their patients' health information. Learn about electronic health records (EHRs) and how they can improve health care.
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO)
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is the use of a machine to do the work that the heart and lungs normally do.
Financial Management During Crisis
Although the emotional price of raising a seriously ill child can be devastating, it's only part of the picture. Even during this difficult time, you have to consider the financial implications.
Financial Planning for Kids With Special Needs
These 10 steps can help take the anxiety and worry out of your child's financial future and make sure that your child will be taken care of even after you're gone.
Finding Respite Care for Your Child With Special Needs
Finding that perfect person to care for your child can be a challenge. These resources can help.
Giving Teens a Voice in Health Care Decisions
Involving teens in their health care can help prepare them for managing it on their own as adults.
Is My Child Too Sick to Go to School?
It can be hard to know if kids are well enough to go to school or childcare. Here are some guidelines.
Is a Clinical Trial Right for Your Child?
Deciding to enroll your child in a clinical study will depend on its potential benefits and risks, as well as your child's particular illness. Learn more.
Legius Syndrome
Legius syndrome is a rare genetic condition. Kids who have it have multiple café-au-lait spots on their skin and might be slower to walk, talk, and reach other milestones than most kids.
Managing Home Health Care
When kids need intensive health care after they're discharged from the hospital, it's important that family and caregivers learn about the devices, equipment, and support they'll need.
Neurocutaneous Syndromes
Neurocutaneous syndromes are genetic disorders that lead to tumor growth in various parts of the body. Learn how to maximize the quality of life for children with these diseases.
Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic condition that causes benign tumors in and under the skin, often with bone, hormone, and other problems. Learn more about how it's diagnosed and treated.
Occupational Therapy
Occupational therapy can help improve kids' cognitive, physical, and motor skills and build their self-esteem and sense of accomplishment.
Palliative Care
Palliative care provides physical, emotional, and spiritual support to sick children and their families.
Physical Therapy
Doctors often recommend physical therapy for kids who have been injured or have movement problems from an illness, disease, or disability. Learn more about PT.
RASopathies
RASopathies are a group of genetic conditions caused by problems in the RAS pathway, which is one way cells in the body communicate.
Radiation Therapy
Radiation therapy, also called radiotherapy, irradiation, or X-ray therapy, is one of the most common forms of cancer treatment.
Sanfilippo Syndrome
Sanfilippo syndrome is a rare condition in which the body can't break down certain carbohydrates (sugars) in the blood, leading to serious problems in the brain and nervous system.
Speech-Language Therapy
Working with a certified speech-language pathologist can help a child with speech or language difficulties.
Spina Bifida
Spina bifida is a birth defect that involves the incomplete development of the spinal cord or its coverings. It's usually detected before a baby is born and treated right away.
Support for Parents of Kids With Special Needs
You might have more on your plate than most parents, but it doesn't mean you have to do it all alone. Here's how to ask for help and avoid caregiver burnout.
Taking Care of You: Support for Caregivers
It's common to put your own needs last when caring for a child you love. But to be the best you can be, you need to take care of yourself, too. Here are some tips to help you recharge.
When Your Baby Has a Birth Defect
If your child has a birth defect, you don't have to go it alone - many people and resources are available to help you.
When Your Baby’s in the NICU
Learn what a NICU visit will be like for your little one, what you can do to help, and how to find support for yourself.
When Your Child's in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
It can be stressful whenever kids are in the hospital — and even more so when they're admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). A basic understanding of the PICU can help you feel better prepared to help your child recover.
Words to Know: Transplants
Easy-to-understand definitions of some key transplant terms.
- Checkups
Checkups
Coronavirus (COVID-19): Kids & Medical Care During the Pandemic
During the COVID-19 pandemic, kids should still see their doctors for well-child visits and other care. Here's what parents should know.
Sports Physicals
Just as professional sports stars need medical care to keep them playing their best, so do student athletes. That's why it's important to make sure that kids and teens get a sports physical.
When Your Child Outgrows Pediatric Care
Help your teen or young adult make the transition from pediatric health care to adult health care. Get tips on finding a new doctor and getting health insurance.
Your Child's Checkup: 1 Month
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your baby might be doing by the first month.
Your Child's Checkup: 1 Year (12 Months)
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your baby might be doing by the first birthday.
Your Child's Checkup: 1.5 Years (18 Months)
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your toddler might be doing by 18 months.
Your Child's Checkup: 10 Years
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your child might be doing by age 10.
Your Child's Checkup: 11 Years
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve when your child is 11.
Your Child's Checkup: 12 Years
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve when your child is 12.
Your Child's Checkup: 13 Years
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve when your teen is 13.
Your Child's Checkup: 14 Years
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve when your teen is 14.
Your Child's Checkup: 15 Months
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your toddler might be doing by 15 months.
Your Child's Checkup: 15 Years
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve when your son or daughter is 15.
Your Child's Checkup: 16 Years
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve when your son or daughter is 16.
Your Child's Checkup: 17 Years
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve when your son or daughter is 17.
Your Child's Checkup: 18 Years
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve when your son or daughter is 18.
Your Child's Checkup: 19 Years
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve when your son or daughter is 19.
Your Child's Checkup: 2 Months
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your baby might be doing by the second month.
Your Child's Checkup: 2 Years (24 Months)
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your child might be doing by the second year.
Your Child's Checkup: 2.5 Years (30 Months)
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your toddler might be doing at this age.
Your Child's Checkup: 20 Years
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve when your son or daughter is 20.
Your Child's Checkup: 21 Years
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve when your son or daughter is 21.
Your Child's Checkup: 3 Years
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your child might be doing by the third year.
Your Child's Checkup: 3 to 5 Days
Find out what this doctor's checkup will involve a few days after your baby is born.
Your Child's Checkup: 4 Months
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your baby might be doing by the fourth month.
Your Child's Checkup: 4 Years
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your child might be doing by the fourth year.
Your Child's Checkup: 5 Years
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your child might be doing by the fifth year.
Your Child's Checkup: 6 Months
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your baby might be doing by 6 months.
Your Child's Checkup: 6 Years
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your child might be doing by the sixth year.
Your Child's Checkup: 7 Years
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your child might be doing by the seventh year.
Your Child's Checkup: 8 Years
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your child might be doing by the eighth year.
Your Child's Checkup: 9 Months
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your baby might be doing by 9 months old.
Your Child's Checkup: 9 Years
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your child might be doing by the ninth year.
Your Child's Checkup: Newborn
Find out what this doctor's checkup will involve after your baby arrives.
Your Child's Checkups
These age-specific guides can help you be prepared for and keep track of your well-child visits.
- Doctor & Hospital Visits
Doctor & Hospital Visits
Balancing Academics and Serious Illness
When your child has a serious or chronic illness, it's hard to think beyond the next treatment. But with planning and communication, you can help your child balance treatment and academics.
Biobanks
A biobank is a special lab that stores samples donated by patients. Scientists use them to study what causes a sickness or disease and to find treatments.
Birthing Centers and Hospital Maternity Services
Where you choose to give birth is an important decision. Is a hospital or a birth center right for you? Knowing the facts can help you make your decision.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy (chemo) is treatment with medicines that stop the growth of cancer cells.
Choosing a Pediatrician for Your New Baby
Along with considering baby names and buying a crib, choosing the right health care provider should be on your to-do list when you're expecting.
Coronavirus (COVID-19): Kids & Medical Care During the Pandemic
During the COVID-19 pandemic, kids should still see their doctors for well-child visits and other care. Here's what parents should know.
Electronic Health Records
Many health institutions digitally store their patients' health information. Learn about electronic health records (EHRs) and how they can improve health care.
Going to the Emergency Room
Knowing what to expect when you need to take your child to the emergency room can help make it a little less stressful.
How to Find Affordable Health Care
Finding coverage for your kids may be difficult, but it's not impossible. Many kids are eligible for government or community programs, even if their parents work. Learn what resources are available to your family.
How to Shop for Health Insurance
The government's healthcare marketplace, or exchange, is the new way to shop for health insurance. But just how do you find the best coverage and sign up? Get answers here.
Intravenous Line (IV)
An intravenous line (IV) is a soft, flexible tube placed inside a vein, usually in the hand or arm. Doctors use them to give a person medicine or fluids.
Medical Care and Your 13- to 18-Year-Old
Regular visits help your teen's doctor keep track of changes in physical, mental, and social development. The doctor can also help your teen understand the importance of choosing a healthy lifestyle.
Medical Care and Your 2- to 3-Year-Old
Regular well-child exams are essential to keeping kids healthy and up-to-date with immunizations against dangerous diseases. Here's what to expect at the doctor's office.
Medical Care and Your 4- to 5-Year-Old
Regular well-child exams are an important part of keeping kids healthy and up to date on immunizations against serious diseases. Find out what to expect at the doctor's office.
Medical Care and Your 6- to 12-Year-Old
Regular well-child exams are essential to keep kids healthy and up-to-date with immunizations. Find out what to expect at the doctor's office.
Preparing Your Child for Visits to the Doctor
When kids know they're "going to the doctor," many become worried about the visit. Here's how to help them.
Radiation Therapy
Radiation therapy, also called radiotherapy, irradiation, or X-ray therapy, is one of the most common forms of cancer treatment.
School-Based Health Centers
School-based health centers provide a range of services to meet kids' and teens' health care needs. Centers usually are inside a school building or right next door.
Talking to Your Child's Doctor
Building a relationship with your child's doctor requires communication and reasonable expectations.
Telehealth
Telehealth is changing health care. Find out how things like video doctor visits can benefit you and your family.
Transition of Care: Diabetes
Most teens with diabetes should transition to an adult health care provider when they're between 18 and 21 years old. Here's how parents can help them do that.
What Is Interventional Radiology (IR)?
Interventional radiology (IR) is a way for doctors to treat problems like vascular anomalies and tumors.
What's a Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine?
You might be surprised to learn that not all physicians have the letters MD after their names. Some have the letters DO (doctor of osteopathy).
What's a Nurse Practitioner?
What are nurse practitioners, and how do they differ from medical doctors?
What's a Primary Care Physician (PCP)?
PCPs are health care providers that offer routine checkups, vaccines, and non-emergency medical care. Learn more about PCPs and how to choose a great one.
When Your Child Outgrows Pediatric Care
Help your teen or young adult make the transition from pediatric health care to adult health care. Get tips on finding a new doctor and getting health insurance.
When Your Child's in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
It can be stressful whenever kids are in the hospital — and even more so when they're admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). A basic understanding of the PICU can help you feel better prepared to help your child recover.
When and Where to Get Medical Care
Should you head to the ER when your child is hurt or ill? What about an urgent care center? Different problems need different levels of care, and you have many options.
Who's Who in the Hospital
Parents are likely to be stressed when a child is hospitalized, and questions about the people providing medical care and what roles they play can add to the confusion. Our guide can help.
- Health Care Resources and Information
Health Care Resources and Information
Anesthesia - What to Expect
Here's a quick look at what may happen before, during, and after on the day of your child's operation or procedure.
Anesthesia Basics
Knowing the basics of anesthesia may help answer your questions and ease some concerns — both yours and your child's.
Electronic Health Records
Many health institutions digitally store their patients' health information. Learn about electronic health records (EHRs) and how they can improve health care.
Financial Planning for Kids With Special Needs
These 10 steps can help take the anxiety and worry out of your child's financial future and make sure that your child will be taken care of even after you're gone.
How to Find Affordable Health Care
Finding coverage for your kids may be difficult, but it's not impossible. Many kids are eligible for government or community programs, even if their parents work. Learn what resources are available to your family.
How to Shop for Health Insurance
The government's healthcare marketplace, or exchange, is the new way to shop for health insurance. But just how do you find the best coverage and sign up? Get answers here.
Mental Health Specialists
Counselors, therapists, clinical social workers, psychologists, and psychiatrists are all experts in mental health. But there can be differences. Learn more.
Preparing Your Child for Anesthesia
If your child needs to have an operation, you probably have plenty of questions, many of them about anesthesia.
School-Based Health Centers
School-based health centers provide a range of services to meet kids' and teens' health care needs. Centers usually are inside a school building or right next door.
Taking Care of You: Support for Caregivers
It's common to put your own needs last when caring for a child you love. But to be the best you can be, you need to take care of yourself, too. Here are some tips to help you recharge.
Types of Anesthesia
Here's a basic look at what each kind of anesthesia does.
When Your Child's in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
It can be stressful whenever kids are in the hospital — and even more so when they're admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). A basic understanding of the PICU can help you feel better prepared to help your child recover.
- Immunizations
Immunizations
Can Children and Teens Take the COVID-19 Vaccine?
As COVID-19 vaccines become available, here are some questions many parents have.
Do My Kids Need Vaccines Before Traveling?
Find out what the experts have to say.
How Can I Comfort My Baby During Shots?
Find out what the experts have to say.
How Vaccines Help (Video)
Vaccines help keep kids healthy, but many parents still have questions about them. Get answers here.
Immunizations and Cochlear Implants
Children with cochlear implants have a higher risk than other kids of getting some types of bacterial meningitis. Vaccines can help protect them.
Vaccines & Antibiotics: A Safe Combo?
Find out what the experts have to say.
Your Child's Immunizations
Immunizations protect kids from many dangerous diseases. Find out what vaccines your child needs to grow up healthy.
Your Child's Immunizations: Chickenpox Vaccine
Find out when and why your child needs to get this vaccine.
Your Child's Immunizations: Diphtheria, Tetanus & Pertussis Vaccine (DTaP)
Find out when and why your child needs to get this vaccine.
Your Child's Immunizations: Hepatitis A Vaccine (HepA)
Find out when and why your child needs to get this vaccine.
Your Child's Immunizations: Hepatitis B Vaccine (HepB)
Find out when and why your child needs this vaccine.
Your Child's Immunizations: Hib Vaccine
Find out when and why your child needs to get this vaccine.
Your Child's Immunizations: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine
Find out when and why your child needs to get this vaccine.
Your Child's Immunizations: Influenza Vaccine (Flu Shot)
Find out when and why kids need to get the flu vaccine.
Your Child's Immunizations: Measles, Mumps & Rubella Vaccine (MMR)
Find out when and why your child needs to get this vaccine.
Your Child's Immunizations: Meningococcal Vaccines
Find out when and why your child needs to get this vaccine.
Your Child's Immunizations: Pneumococcal Vaccines (PCV, PPSV)
Find out when and why your child needs to get these vaccines.
Your Child's Immunizations: Polio Vaccine (IPV)
Find out when and why your child needs to get this vaccine.
Your Child's Immunizations: Rotavirus Vaccine
Find out when and why your child needs to get this vaccine.
- Medical Procedures
Medical Procedures
Antegrade Continence Enema (ACE)
An antegrade continence enema, or ACE, is a different way to give an enema. Enemas can help someone poop if they become constipated or have another problem moving their bowels.
Cardiac Catheterization
This minimally invasive procedure helps doctors perform diagnostic tests on the heart and even treat some heart conditions.
Cardiac Stents
Cardiac stents are very small mesh wire tubes that hold blood vessels open so that blood can flow through the vessels normally. Find out about the procedure to place a stent.
Casts
Casts keep bones and other tissues in place while they heal. Here's what to expect, and how to care for casts.
Central Lines (Central Venous Catheters)
A central line, or central venous catheter, is much longer than a regular IV. Doctors use them to give medicine, fluids, blood, or nutrition to patients.
Dialysis
Dialysis is a medical treatment that can take over the job of cleaning the blood when the kidneys can't.
Embolization
Embolization is a procedure in which plugging material or a plugging object is put into a blood vessel to block it. It's used to help treat many conditions.
Epilepsy Surgery
Epilepsy surgery is an operation done on the brain to reduce or stop seizures.
External Fixator: Pin Care
External fixators used for limb lengthening have pins that go through the skin and into the bone. It's important to know how to care for the pins at home to prevent infections.
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO)
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is the use of a machine to do the work that the heart and lungs normally do.
Gastrostomy Tube (G-Tube)
Some kids have medical problems that prevent them from being able to take adequate nutrition by mouth. A gastrostomy tube (also called a G-tube) delivers nutrition directly to the stomach.
Hemodialysis
Hemodialysis is a medical treatment that uses a machine with a special filter to take waste and extra water out of the blood.
Imperforate Anus
In an imperforate anus, the anal sphincter (a group of muscles in the anus that controls the release of poop) usually forms in the right place but without the normal opening.
Implanted Ports
An implanted port is a type of central line that goes up to a vein near the heart or just inside the heart. A child can get medicine, fluids, blood, or nutrition through one.
Intravenous Line (IV)
An intravenous line (IV) is a soft, flexible tube placed inside a vein, usually in the hand or arm. Doctors use them to give a person medicine or fluids.
Laryngoscopy
Laryngoscopy, a visual exam of the voicebox and airway, can help discover the causes of voice and breathing problems, throat or ear pain, and other bothersome symptoms.
Limb Lengthening Surgery: External Fixator
Limb lengthening surgery is done when someone has a leg length discrepancy (one leg is shorter than the other). Sometimes this is treated with an external fixator.
Limb Lengthening Surgery: Internal Lengthening Device
Limb lengthening surgery is done when someone has a leg length discrepancy (one leg is shorter than the other). Sometimes this is treated with an internal lengthening device (a rod with a magnet).
Meatoplasty
The treatment for meatal stenosis is a simple procedure to make the opening of the meatus bigger called a meatoplasty.
Nasogastric Tube (NG Tube)
An NG tube goes through the nose, down the throat, and into the stomach to deliver formula or medicine.
Pectus Excavatum: The Nuss Procedure
The Nuss procedure is a surgery to correct severe pectus excavatum. It’s considered "minimally invasive" because only a few small cuts are needed.
Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter (PICC Line)
A PICC line is like an IV line, but is much longer and can stay in place for longer periods.
Peritoneal Dialysis
This medical treatment helps people with kidney failure. It can be done at home, often overnight, to take over the kidneys' job of filtering blood.
Prenatal Test: Amniocentesis
This test takes a sample of the amniotic fluid. In the second trimester, it can show signs of chromosomal disorders, genetic problems, and neural tube defects. In the third trimester, it can check for infection and Rh incompatibility, and reveal if a baby's lungs are strong enough to breathe normally after birth.
Prenatal Test: Glucose Screening
Glucose screenings check for gestational diabetes, a short-term form of diabetes that some women develop during pregnancy.
Prenatal Test: Nonstress Test
This test checks to see if the baby responds normally to stimulation and is getting enough oxygen. It's done to check on the health of the fetus in a high-risk pregnancy or when the due date has passed.
Prenatal Test: Percutaneous Umbilical Blood Sampling (PUBS)
This quick test examines fetal blood directly from the umbilical cord. It's used to detect disorders in the fetus.
Radioembolization (TARE-Y90) for Liver Tumors
Radioembolization is a procedure used to treat some kinds of liver tumors. A radioactive material works on the tumor, not the healthy tissue around it.
Retinopathy of Prematurity
Retinopathy of prematurity, which can happen in premature babies, causes abnormal blood vessel growth in the retina. Some children will need surgery to prevent vision loss or blindness.
Sclerotherapy
Sclerotherapy is a procedure in which medicine is injected into blood vessels or lymph vessels to make them close. It's used to treat vascular malformations.
Skull Base Surgery
Skull base surgery is done to remove tumors and other growths that appear at the bottom of the skull.
Spinal Fusion Surgery
A spinal fusion is a surgical procedure that's done to stabilize or straighten the bones in the back. It can help kids and teens with scoliosis.
Tear-Duct Blockage
Blocked tear ducts are a fairly common problem in infants. The earlier they're discovered, the less likely it is that infection will result or surgery will be necessary.
The Ravitch Procedure
The Ravitch procedure is a surgery to correct severe pectus carinatum and pectus excavatum.
Tunneled Central Lines
These surgically placed tubes let kids get blood drawn and receive intravenous (IV) medicines and fluids without repeated needle sticks.
Tympanoplasty
Tympanoplasty is a surgery to repair a hole in the eardrum that doesn’t close on its own. It can improve hearing and prevent water from getting into the middle ear.
Ureteral Stent
A ureteral stent is a small plastic tube placed inside the ureter to help pee pass from a kidney into the bladder.
VP Shunts
A VP shunt is a small plastic tube that helps drain extra cerebrospinal fluid from the brain. Most VP shunts are placed to treat hydrocephalus.
What Is Interventional Radiology (IR)?
Interventional radiology (IR) is a way for doctors to treat problems like vascular anomalies and tumors.
When Your Child Needs a Liver Transplant
If your child needs a liver transplant, you're probably feeling lots of emotions. Fortunately, most kids who have liver transplants go on to live normal, healthy lives.
Words to Know: Transplants
Easy-to-understand definitions of some key transplant terms.
- Medical Tests & Exams
Medical Tests & Exams
All About Genetics
Read the basics about genetics, including how certain illnesses, or increased risks for certain illnesses, pass from generation to generation.
Arthrogram
An arthrogram is a test done to look inside a joint for injuries or other problems.
Aspiration and Biopsy: Bone Marrow
A bone marrow aspiration and biopsy are performed to examine bone marrow, the spongy liquid part of the bone where blood cells are made.
Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) Test
An auditory brainstem response (ABR) test is a safe and painless test that gives health care providers information about possible hearing loss.
Basic Blood Chemistry Tests
Doctors order basic blood chemistry tests to assess a wide range of conditions and the function of organs.
Biobanks
A biobank is a special lab that stores samples donated by patients. Scientists use them to study what causes a sickness or disease and to find treatments.
Biopsies
Doctors order biopsies to examine tissue or cells when they're concerned about a problem such as an infection, inflammation, or cancer.
Blood Culture
A blood culture is a test that looks for germs (such as bacteria or fungi) in the blood.
Blood Test: 17-Hydroxyprogesterone
The 17-hydroxyprogesterone test is mainly used to check for the most common form of the genetic disorder congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) in infants and children.
Blood Test: Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT, or SGPT)
An alanine aminotransferase (ALT) blood test is often part of an initial screening for liver disease.
Blood Test: Allergen-Specific Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
This blood test can check for some kinds of allergies.
Blood Test: Amylase
An amylase test may be done if a child has signs of a problem with the pancreas, such as belly pain, nausea, or vomiting.
Blood Test: Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST, or SGOT)
An aspartate aminotransferase (AST) blood test is often part of an initial screening for liver problems.
Blood Test: Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP)
A basic metabolic panel (BMP), commonly ordered as part of routine medical exam, is a set of blood tests that gives information about sugar (glucose) and calcium levels, kidney function, and electrolyte and fluid balance.
Blood Test: Bilirubin
Doctors may order bilirubin blood tests for infants or older kids if they see signs of the skin taking on the yellow discoloration known as jaundice.
Blood Test: C-Peptide
A C-peptide test can help doctors tell the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It also can help find the cause of low blood sugar (hypoglycemia).
Blood Test: C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
A C-reactive protein (CRP) blood test is used to identify inflammation or infection in the body.
Blood Test: Complete Blood Count
The complete blood count (CBC) is the most common blood test. It analyzes red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Blood Test: Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP)
A comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) blood test helps evaluate kidney and liver function, sugar (glucose) and protein levels in the blood, and electrolyte and fluid balance.
Blood Test: Dehydroepiandrosterone-Sulfate (DHEA-S)
Doctors may order a DHEA-S test if boys or girls show signs of sexual development earlier than expected. It can rule out certain diseases of the testes or ovaries, or help diagnose damage or disease of the pituitary gland.
Blood Test: Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
An erythrocyte sedimentation rate test (ESR) detects inflammation that may be caused by infection and some autoimmune diseases.
Blood Test: Estradiol
Estradiol is the most important form of the hormone estrogen. Doctors may order an estradiol test if a girl appears to be entering puberty earlier or later than expected, or to evaluate menstrual problems.
Blood Test: Factor VIII Activity
A factor VIII activity blood test enables doctors to evaluate the functioning of a protein that helps blood to clot.
Blood Test: Ferritin (Iron)
Doctors may order a ferritin test when they suspect kids have too little or too much iron in their bodies.
Blood Test: Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) plays an important role in sexual development. An FSH test to measure the level of FSH in the bloodstream may be done if a boy or girl appears to be entering puberty earlier or later than expected.
Blood Test: Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGT)
Testing for GGT helps doctors look for problems with the liver or bile ducts.
Blood Test: Glucose
The blood glucose test, which measures the amount of sugar in the blood, may be done as part of a routine physical or to help diagnose diabetes.
Blood Test: Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells. A hemoglobin test can be done as part of a routine checkup to screen for problems and or because a child isn't feeling well.
Blood Test: Hemoglobin A1c
Doctors use a hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test to determine if your child's diabetes management plan needs to be adjusted.
Blood Test: Hemoglobin Electrophoresis
A hemoglobin electrophoresis can help diagnose diseases involving abnormal hemoglobin production, and often is performed as part of newborn screening tests.
Blood Test: Hepatic (Liver) Function Panel
Liver function tests can help doctors see if the liver has been damaged. They also can help diagnose infections and monitor medications that can cause liver-related side effects.
Blood Test: IGF Binding Protein-3 (IGFBP-3)
The main reason doctors order the IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP3) test is to see if a person is producing a normal amount of human growth hormone.
Blood Test: Immunoglobulin A (IgA)
Checking IgA levels can help doctors diagnose problems with the immune system, intestines, and kidneys. It's also used to evaluate autoimmune conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and celiac disease.
Blood Test: Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
The immunoglobulin E (IgE) blood test is often done as part of an initial screen for allergies. High IgE levels also may indicate a parasitic infection.
Blood Test: Immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgM)
Immunoglobulins (antibodies in the blood) can give doctors important information about the immune system, especially relating to infection or autoimmune disease.
Blood Test: Insulin
This test is often used to evaluate the cause of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) or any other conditions related to abnormal insulin production.
Blood Test: Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)
Lactate dehydrogenase (also called lactic acid dehydrogenase, or LDH) is an enzyme found in almost all body tissues. The LDH test is generally used to screen for tissue damage.
Blood Test: Lead
In babies and young kids whose brains are still developing, even a small amount of lead can cause learning disabilities and behavioral problems. A lead test can determine the amount of lead in the blood.
Blood Test: Lipase
A lipase test may be done if a child has signs of a problem with the pancreas, such as belly pain, nausea, or vomiting.
Blood Test: Lipid Panel
Results from a lipid panel enable your doctor to evaluate the levels of different kinds of fats in your child's blood.
Blood Test: Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
A luteinizing hormone (LH) test measures the level of this hormone in the bloodstream. LH plays an important role in sexual development.
Blood Test: Magnesium
Doctors do this test to assess blood levels of magnesium, which helps the muscles and nerves function, the heart maintain normal rhythm, the bones stay strong, and the body process energy and make proteins.
Blood Test: Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT)
A partial thromboplastin time (PTT) test is used to evaluate blood's ability to clot. It may be done as part of an evaluation for a bleeding disorder or to monitor the effects of blood-thinning medicine.
Blood Test: Phosphorus
Doctors may order a phosphorus blood test to help diagnose or monitor kidney disorders, calcium and bone problems, or other conditions.
Blood Test: Prolactin
A prolactin test can help diagnose prolactinoma, a usually benign tumor of the pituitary gland, irregular menstrual periods, thyroid or adrenal gland dysfunction, and other problems.
Blood Test: Prothrombin Time (PT)
Doctors may order a PT test as part of an evaluation for a bleeding disorder or to monitor the effects of blood-thinning medicine.
Blood Test: Reticulocyte Count
This test measures the rate at which reticulocytes (immature red blood cells) are made in the bone marrow and enter the bloodstream. A reticulocyte count can provide information about a child's anemia.
Blood Test: Somatomedin C (IGF-1)
A somatomedin C test usually is ordered to check for pituitary gland disorder and abnormalities in growth hormones production.
Blood Test: T3 Resin Uptake (T3RU)
Doctors may order the T3 resin uptake when a child's symptoms or previous blood tests seem to suggest thyroid dysfunction.
Blood Test: T3 Total (Triiodothyronine)
The T3 total test is part of an evaluation of thyroid function. It's particularly useful in diagnosing hyperthyroidism, which can cause symptoms such as a fast heart rate, weight loss, trembling and sweating.
Blood Test: T4 (Thyroxine)
Doctors may order the T4 blood test if symptoms suggest any kind of thyroid disorder.
Blood Test: Testosterone
A testosterone blood test may be done if a boy appears to be entering puberty earlier or later than expected, or to check for damage or disease of the testes or ovaries, adrenal glands, or pituitary glands.
Blood Test: Thyroglobulin Antibodies (TgAb)
The thyroglobulin antibodies test is used to help diagnose autoimmune conditions involving the thyroid gland, or when thyroid disorders are suspected.
Blood Test: Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies
The thyroid peroxidase antibodies test is primarily used to help diagnose and monitor autoimmune conditions involving the thyroid gland, including Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves disease.
Blood Test: Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Doctors may order TSH blood tests to diagnose and monitor treatment of a thyroid disorder or evaluate pituitary gland functioning.
Blood Test: Tissue Transglutaminase IgA, IgG
The tissue transglutaminase IgA, IgG test is usually done to help doctors diagnose celiac disease.
Blood Test: Uric Acid
Doctors may order this test if they suspect high levels of uric acid in the bloodstream. Some kids with leukemia or other types of cancer can have high levels of uric acid (hyperuricemia).
Blood Test: Valproic Acid
Doctors may order a blood test for valproic acid, an anticonvulsant drug prescribed mainly to prevent seizures, to monitor how well the liver is processing the medication.
Blood Test: von Willebrand Factor (vWF) Activity - Ristocetin Cofactor
A von Willebrand factor (vWF) activity - ristocetin cofactor test lets doctors evaluate the functioning of a protein that helps blood to clot.
Blood Test: von Willebrand Factor (vWF) Antigen
Doctors order the vWF antigen test to help diagnose or monitor the treatment of von Willebrand disease.
CAT Scan: Abdomen
An abdominal CAT scan can detect inflammation, infection, injury or disease in the liver, spleen, kidneys, bladder, stomach, bowel, pancreas, adrenal glands, blood vessels, and lymph nodes.
CAT Scan: Chest
A chest CAT scan is a painless test that uses a special X-ray machine to take black-and-white pictures of a patient's lungs, heart, blood vessels, airway passages, ribs and lymph nodes.
CAT Scan: Head
A head CAT scan is a painless test that uses a special X-ray machine to take pictures of a patient's brain, skull, and sinuses, as well as blood vessels in the head. It might be done to check for any number of conditions.
CAT Scan: Neck
A neck CAT scan can detect signs of disease in the throat and surrounding areas. Doctors may order one to detect abscesses, birth defects, cysts, or tumors.
Coronavirus (COVID-19): Antibody Testing
Antibody testing for coronavirus (COVID-19) involves taking a small blood sample to check for antibodies that the body may have made to fight the virus.
Coronavirus (COVID-19): Getting Tested at a Drive-Thru Testing Site
A drive-thru testing site is a place where parents and children stay in the car while a health care provider does a test.
Coronavirus (COVID-19): What Are the Different Types of Tests?
As coronavirus spreads in communities, parents might wonder if their family should get tested. Here's how health care providers test for it.
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Chloride Sweat Test
Is your child scheduled to have a sweat test? Find out how this test is performed and how it's used to diagnose cystic fibrosis.
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Respiratory Screen: Sputum
Kids with cystic fibrosis (CF) often get lung and airway infections. A sputum CF respiratory screen or culture helps doctors detect, identify, and treat infection-causing bacteria or fungi.
ECG (Electrocardiogram)
Is your child scheduled to have an ECG? Find out how this test is performed and when you can expect the results.
EEG (Electroencephalogram)
Is your child scheduled to have an EEG? Find out how this test is done and when you can expect the results.
EMG (Electromyogram)
Is your child scheduled to have an EMG? Find out how this test is performed and when you can expect the results.
Echocardiogram
An echocardiogram (also called an echo or cardiac ultrasound) uses sound waves to create pictures of the heart. It shows the structure of the heart and its parts and how well they’re working.
Fetal Echocardiogram
A fetal echocardiogram (also called a fetal echo) uses sound waves to create pictures of an unborn baby's heart.
Fetal Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Fetal MRI)
Fetal magnetic resonance imaging (also called a fetal MRI) uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed pictures of an unborn baby.
Gene Therapy and Children
Gene therapy carries the promise of cures for many diseases and for types of medical treatment most of us would not have thought possible.
Genetic Testing
Advances in genetic testing help doctors diagnose and treat certain illnesses. The type of test done depends on which condition a doctor checks for.
Hearing Evaluation in Children
Hearing problems can be overcome if they're caught early, so it's important to get your child's hearing screened early and checked regularly.
Joint Aspiration (Arthrocentesis)
A joint aspiration (arthrocentesis) involves withdrawing (aspirating) a sample of fluid from a joint using a needle and syringe.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a safe and painless test that uses a magnetic field and radio waves to produce detailed pictures of the body's organs and structures.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Brain
A brain MRI, a safe and painless test that produces detailed images of the brain and the brain stem, can help detect cysts, tumors, bleeding, and other problems.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Cervical Spine
A cervical spine MRI can help evaluate various symptoms and also help diagnose tumors, bleeding, swelling, infections, or inflammatory conditions in the vertebrae or surrounding tissues.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Lumbar Spine
A lumbar spine MRI is a painless test that uses a magnetic field and radio waves to produce detailed pictures of the bones, disks, and other structures in the lower back.
Nasopharyngoscopy
A nasopharyngoscopy is an exam doctors do to view the back of the throat.
Newborn Screening Tests
Newborn screening tests look for health conditions that aren't apparent at birth. Find out which tests are done.
PET/MRI Scan
A PET/MRI scan is an imaging test that combines PET and MRI in one session. It creates very detailed pictures of the inside of the body.
Prenatal Genetic Counseling
Genetic counselors work with people who are either planning to have a baby or are pregnant to determine whether they carry the genes for certain inherited disorders. Find out more.
Prenatal Test: Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)
A chorionic villus sampling (CVS) checks cells from the placenta for chromosomal abnormalities. Most women whose pregnancies are not high-risk don't need this test.
Prenatal Test: Contraction Stress Test
A contraction stress test measures the fetal heart rate to ensure that a baby can handle contractions during labor.
Prenatal Test: First Trimester Screening
The first trimester screening (or first trimester screen) includes a blood test and an ultrasound exam. It's done to see if a fetus is at risk for a chromosomal abnormality or birth defect.
Prenatal Test: Multiple Marker Test
The multiple marker test is a blood test done to screen for neural tube defects and chromosomal disorders.
Prenatal Test: Ultrasound
A prenatal ultrasound is a safe and painless test that shows a baby's shape and position. It can be done in the first, second, or third trimester of pregnancy.
Prenatal Tests: FAQs
Every parent-to-be hopes for a healthy baby, but it can be hard not to worry. Find out what tests can keep you informed of your health — and your baby's — throughout pregnancy.
Prenatal Tests: First Trimester
Find out what tests may be offered to you during the first trimester of pregnancy.
Prenatal Tests: Second Trimester
Find out what tests may be offered to you during weeks 13 through 26 of pregnancy.
Prenatal Tests: Third Trimester
Find out what tests may be offered to you during weeks 27 through 40 of pregnancy.
Pulse Oximetry (Pulse Ox)
Pulse oximetry, a simple test that measures the amount of oxygen in the bloodstream, may give the first clue that there is a heart or lung problem.
Sleep Study (Polysomnogram)
A sleep study (or polysomnogram) helps doctors diagnose sleep problems. It is an overnight test that can record a variety of body functions while a child sleeps.
Spinal Tap (Lumbar Puncture)
Find out how and why doctors perform lumbar punctures (spinal taps).
Spirometry
Spirometry measures how much and how quickly someone breathes in and out. It can help diagnose and monitor diseases that make it hard to breathe.
Stool Test: Bacteria Culture
A stool culture helps doctors determine if there's a bacterial infection in the intestines.
Stool Test: C. Difficile Toxin
A doctor may request a C. difficile toxin stool test if your child has taken antibiotics in the past month or so and has had diarrhea for several days.
Stool Test: Fecal Blood
Stool samples can provide information about a problem in the GI system. To test the stool for the presence of blood, a noninvasive test - the fecal occult blood test (FOBT) - is performed.
Stool Test: Giardia Antigen
This test may be done if a child has watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, large amounts of intestinal gas, appetite loss, and nausea or vomiting.
Stool Test: H. Pylori Antigen
A doctor may request an H. pylori antigen stool test if your child has symptoms that indicate a peptic ulcer, such as indigestion, abdominal pain, a full or bloated feeling, nausea, frequent belching, or vomiting.
Stool Test: Ova and Parasites (O&P)
This exam may be done if your child has diarrhea for an extended period, blood or mucus in the stool, abdominal pain, nausea, headaches, or fever.
Stool Tests
Your child's doctor may order a stool collection test to check for blood, bacteria, ova, or parasites. Find out how this test is performed and when you can expect the results.
Strep Test: Rapid
A rapid strep test is done to help quickly determine whether a sore throat is caused by a strep infection vs. other germs (usually viruses) that don't require antibiotic treatment.
Strep Test: Throat Culture
Is your child having a strep test or a throat culture? Find out how these swab tests are performed.
Ultrasound: Abdomen
Doctors order abdominal ultrasounds when they're concerned about symptoms such as abdominal pain, repeated vomiting, abnormal liver or kidney function tests, or a swollen belly.
Ultrasound: Bladder
Doctors order bladder ultrasounds when there's a concern about bladder problems, such as difficulty urinating or daytime wetting.
Ultrasound: Head
Doctors order head ultrasounds when there's a concern about neurological problems in an infant.
Ultrasound: Infant Hip
Doctors order a hip ultrasound when they suspect a problem called developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH).
Ultrasound: Pelvis
A pelvic ultrasound can detect tumors or cysts and help diagnose pelvic pain, some urinary problems, or abnormal menstrual bleeding.
Ultrasound: Renal (Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder)
A renal ultrasound makes images of your child's kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Doctors may order this test if they suspect kidney damage, cysts, tumors, kidney stones, or complications from urinary tract infections.
Ultrasound: Scrotum
Doctors order a scrotal ultrasound when they're concerned about symptoms such as scrotal pain or swelling.
Urine Test: 24-Hour Analysis for Kidney Stones
This test can show if certain substances are found at high concentrations in the urine, and might be causing kidney stones.
Urine Test: Automated Dipstick Urinalysis
Automated dipstick urinalysis results may point to a urinary tract infection (UTI) or injury, kidney disease, or diabetes.
Urine Test: Calcium
A urine calcium test can help monitor or determine the cause of kidney stones and other kidney diseases, or detect overactivity or underactivity in the parathyroid glands.
Urine Test: Creatinine
Low levels of creatinine in the urine may point to a kidney disease, certain muscular and neuromuscular disorders, or an obstruction of the urinary tract.
Urine Test: Dipstick
A urine dipstick test is often done as part of an overall urinalysis. The results of this test can help doctors diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI), kidney disease, diabetes, or a urinary tract injury.
Urine Test: Microalbumin-to-Creatinine Ratio
The microalbumin-to-creatinine ratio test is most commonly used to screen for kidney problems in teens with diabetes. It may also be used to monitor kidney function in kids and teens who have a kidney disease.
Urine Test: Microscopic Urinalysis
A microscopic urinalysis can help detect a urinary tract infection (UTI), kidney problems, diabetes, or a urinary tract injury.
Urine Test: Protein
The urine protein test is most commonly used to screen for kidney disease and also can help monitor kidney function.
Urine Test: Routine Culture
A urine culture is used to diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI) and determine what kinds of germs are causing it.
Urine Tests
Is your child having a urine culture or urinalysis performed? Find out why urine tests are performed, and what to expect when the doctor orders them.
Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG)
A VCUG can help evaluate the bladder's size and shape, and look for problems, such as a blockage. It can also show whether pee is moving in the right direction.
What Is Informed Consent?
Find out what the experts have to say.
Wound Drainage Culture
Doctors order wound drainage cultures when they suspect wounds are infected.
X-Ray Exam: Abdomen
An abdominal X-ray can help find the cause of many abdominal problems, such as pain, kidney stones, intestinal blockage, a hole in the intestine, or an abdominal mass such as a tumor.
X-Ray Exam: Ankle
An ankle X-ray can help find the cause of symptoms such as pain, tenderness, and swelling, or deformity of the ankle joint. It can also detect broken bones or a dislocated joint.
X-Ray Exam: Bone Age Study
A bone age study can help evaluate how a child's skeleton is maturing, which can help doctors diagnose conditions that delay or accelerate growth.
X-Ray Exam: Cervical Spine
This X-ray can, among other things, help find the cause of neck, shoulder, upper back, or arm pain. It's commonly done after someone has been in an automobile or other accident.
X-Ray Exam: Chest
A chest X-ray is a safe and painless test that uses a small amount of radiation to take a picture of a person's chest, including the heart, lungs, diaphragm, lymph nodes, upper spine, ribs, collarbone, and breastbone.
X-Ray Exam: Elbow
An elbow X-ray can help find the cause of symptoms such as pain, tenderness, swelling, or a deformity. It can also help to detect broken bones or a dislocated joint.
X-Ray Exam: Femur (Upper Leg)
A femur X-ray can help find the cause of symptoms such as pain, limp, tenderness, swelling, or deformity of the upper leg. It can detect a broken bone, and after a broken bone has been set, it can help determine whether the bone is in alignment.
X-Ray Exam: Finger
Doctors may order a finger X-ray to find the cause of symptoms such as pain, tenderness, or swelling, or to detect broken bones or dislocated joints.
X-Ray Exam: Foot
A foot X-ray can help find the cause pain, tenderness, swelling, or deformities. It also can detect broken bones or dislocated joints.
X-Ray Exam: Forearm
A forearm X-ray can help find the causes of pain, tenderness, swelling, or deformity. It can detect broken bones, and after a broken bone has been set, help determine whether it has healed properly.
X-Ray Exam: Hand
A hand X-ray can help find the cause of pain, tenderness, swelling, and deformity. It also can detect broken bones or dislocated joints.
X-Ray Exam: Hip
A hip X-ray can help find the cause of symptoms such as limping, pain, tenderness, swelling, or deformity in the hip area. It can detect broken bones or a dislocated joint.
X-Ray Exam: Humerus (Upper Arm)
A humerus X-ray can help find the cause of symptoms such as pain, tenderness, swelling, or deformity of the upper arm. It can detect a broken bone, and after the bone has been set, help determine whether it has healed properly.
X-Ray Exam: Knee
A knee X-ray can help find the causes of pain, tenderness, swelling, or deformity of the knee, and detect broken bones or a dislocated joint.
X-Ray Exam: Leg Length
Some kids may have significant differences in the length of their legs, a condition known as leg length discrepancy. This X-ray exam can help doctors determine the exact difference in leg length so they can decide on a treatment.
X-Ray Exam: Lower Leg (Tibia and Fibula)
An X-ray of the tibia and fibula can help find the cause of pain, tenderness, swelling, or deformity of the lower leg. It can detect broken bones, and after a broken bone has been set, help determine if it has healed properly.
X-Ray Exam: Neck
A neck X-ray can help diagnose many conditions, including stridor, croup, hoarseness due to swelling in or near the airways, and problems with tonsils and adenoids.
X-Ray Exam: Pelvis
A pelvis X-ray can help find the cause pain, swelling, or deformity in the pelvic, hip, or upper leg regions, and can detect broken bones.
X-Ray Exam: Scoliosis
Kids with scoliosis have a spine that curves, like an S or a C. If scoliosis is suspected, a doctor may order X-rays to measure the curvature of the spine.
X-Ray Exam: Upper Gastrointestinal Tract (Upper GI)
An upper GI X-ray can help find the cause of swallowing difficulties, unexplained vomiting, abdominal discomfort, severe indigestion, ulcers, reflux, hiatal hernia, or blockages.
X-Ray Exam: Wrist
A wrist X-ray is a safe and painless test that can help find the cause of pain, tenderness, swelling, or show deformities of the wrist joint. It can also detect broken bones or dislocated joints.
Your Child's Vision
It's important for kids to have their eyes examined regularly, as many vision problems and eye diseases can be detected and treated early.
Your Daughter's First Gynecology Visit
The idea of going to the gynecologist may make your daughter feel nervous. Here's how to make her feel more comfortable about a well-woman visit.
- Medicine
Medicine
ADHD Medicines
Medicine doesn’t cure ADHD. But it does help boost a child's ability to pay attention, slow down, and have more self-control. This article for parents has details on how ADHD medicines help.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy (chemo) is treatment with medicines that stop the growth of cancer cells.
Common Questions About Immunizations
Immunizations have protected millions of children from potentially deadly diseases. Learn about immunizations and find out exactly what they do - and what they don't.
Does My Child Need an Antibiotic? (Video)
Antibiotics are powerful medicines that can help kids feel better -- but only when they have certain illnesses. Find out if an antibiotic is right for your child.
Giving Opioid Prescription Pain Medicine: What Parents Need to Know
If your child’s health care provider prescribed a prescription pain medicine that contains an opioid, you probably have many questions about how to use it safely. Get answers here.
How to Safely Give Acetaminophen
What kind? How much? How often? Find out how to give this pain and fever medicine.
How to Safely Give Ibuprofen
What kind? How much? How often? Find out how to give this pain medicine.
Medicines: Using Them Safely
Giving kids medicine safely can be complicated. Here's how you can help treat your child's illness while you prevent dangerous reactions.
Pharmacogenomics
Pharmacogenomics is the science of understanding the role of genes in determining the response a person may have when given a drug.
PrEP (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis)
PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis) is when someone takes medicines every day to lower his or her chances of getting HIV.
Precision Medicine
Precision medicine is a new way to treat and prevent illnesses. It uses the differences in a person's genes, environment, and lifestyle to customize care.
Reye Syndrome
Reye syndrome is an extremely rare but serious illness. Cases have dropped greatly since the finding of a link between the illness and aspirin use in kids and teens.
Talking to the Pharmacist
If your child is sick, you'll probably have many questions to ask your doctor. But have you made a list of questions and concerns to share with your pharmacist?
Teaching Your Child How to Swallow Pills
Swallowing a pill is something that many of us take for granted. But just like any skill, learning to swallow a pill takes practice.
The Danger of Antibiotic Overuse
Taking antibiotics too often or for the wrong reason has led to a dangerous rise in bacteria that no longer respond to medicine. Find out what you can do to prevent antibiotic overuse.
- Surgical Conditions
Surgical Conditions
22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome
22q11.2 deletion syndrome is a genetic condition that can cause a variety of physical and behavioral problems.
Adenoids and Adenoidectomy
Enlarged adenoids are normal some kids, but others need surgery. Often, tonsils and adenoids are removed at the same time.
Antegrade Continence Enema (ACE)
An antegrade continence enema, or ACE, is a different way to give an enema. Enemas can help someone poop if they become constipated or have another problem moving their bowels.
Basilar Invagination
Basilar invagination is when the top of the spine pushes up into the base of the skull. It causes pinching and pressing on the brain stem.
Circumcision
You have an important decision to make before you take your newborn son home: whether to circumcise him. Before deciding, talk to your doctor and consider the issues.
Cleft Lip
A cleft lip is when a baby's lip doesn't form properly during pregnancy. Most kids can have surgery to repair one early in life.
Cleft Palate
A cleft palate is when a baby is born with a cleft (gap) in the roof of the mouth. Most kids can have surgery to repair them early in life.
Cleft Palate With Cleft Lip
A cleft palate with a cleft lip is when a baby's lip and palate (roof of mouth) don't form properly during pregnancy. Most kids with cleft lip and palate are treated successfully with no lasting problems.
Cochlear Implants
Cochlear implant can help many kids with severe hearing loss. Find out how they work and who can get them.
Ear Tube Surgery
Many kids get middle ear infections (otitis media). Doctors may suggest ear tube surgery for those with multiple infections or a hearing loss or speech delay.
Epigastric Hernias
An epigastric hernia is when part of the intestines pushes through the abdominal muscles between the belly button and the chest. Many are small, cause no symptoms, and don't need treatment.
Gastroesophageal Reflux
When symptoms of heartburn or acid indigestion happen a lot, it could be gastroesophageal reflux (GER). And it can be a problem for kids - even newborns.
Halo-Gravity Traction
Halo-gravity traction is a way to pull the head and spine upward. Doctors use it to treat curvature of the spine and to prepare kids for spinal fusion surgery.
Hernias
Hernias are fairly common in kids, and hernia repair is one of the most common pediatric surgeries.
Imperforate Anus
In an imperforate anus, the anal sphincter (a group of muscles in the anus that controls the release of poop) usually forms in the right place but without the normal opening.
Inguinal Hernias
An inguinal hernia happens when part of the intestines pushes through an opening in the lower part of the abdomen. Doctors fix these hernias with surgery.
Intussusception
Intussusception is the most common cause of bowel blockages in very young children. Quick treatment can help them recover without lasting problems.
Minimally Invasive Surgery
Minimally invasive surgery is a type of procedure done without the use of a large incision (cut).
Omphalocele
A baby born with an omphalocele has an opening where the umbilical cord goes into the belly. Some openings close on their own, but many need treatment, including surgery.
Orofacial Clefts
A cleft is when tissues of the mouth or lip don't form properly when a baby is developing in the womb. The good news is that orofacial clefts are treatable.
Sinonasal Tumors
A sinonasal tumor is a growth in the nose, the space behind the nose, or in the sinuses. The tumors can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer).
Stem Cell Transplants
Stem cells help rebuild a weakened immune system. Stem cell transplants are effective treatments for a wide range of diseases, including cancer.
Surgery for Tear Duct Blockage
Blocked tear ducts are a fairly common problem in infants. Sometimes surgery is done to treat them.
Tonsillectomy
A tonsillectomy is surgery to remove the tonsils. It's one of the most common surgeries kids and teens get. Find out more.
Umbilical Hernias
An umbilical hernia shows up as a bump under the belly button. If a hernia doesn't go away by age 4 or 5 or causes problems, doctors may recommend surgery.
What Is Informed Consent?
Find out what the experts have to say.
When Your Child Needs a Heart Transplant
If your child needs a heart transplant, you're probably feeling lots of emotions. Fortunately, many kids who undergo heart transplants go on to live normal, healthy lives.
- When Your Child Has Surgery
When Your Child Has Surgery
Anesthesia - What to Expect
Here's a quick look at what may happen before, during, and after on the day of your child's operation or procedure.
Anesthesia Basics
Knowing the basics of anesthesia may help answer your questions and ease some concerns — both yours and your child's.
Can Anesthesia Hurt Brain Development?
Find out what the experts say.
Elective Surgery
Elective surgery means you and the doctor decide when the it will happen. Many elective surgeries are important, potentially life-changing operations. Here's how to plan for them.
Epilepsy Surgery
Epilepsy surgery is an operation done on the brain to reduce or stop seizures.
Gastrostomy Tube (G-Tube)
Some kids have medical problems that prevent them from being able to take adequate nutrition by mouth. A gastrostomy tube (also called a G-tube) delivers nutrition directly to the stomach.
Giving Opioid Prescription Pain Medicine: What Parents Need to Know
If your child’s health care provider prescribed a prescription pain medicine that contains an opioid, you probably have many questions about how to use it safely. Get answers here.
Laryngoscopy
Laryngoscopy, a visual exam of the voicebox and airway, can help discover the causes of voice and breathing problems, throat or ear pain, and other bothersome symptoms.
Meatoplasty
The treatment for meatal stenosis is a simple procedure to make the opening of the meatus bigger called a meatoplasty.
Minimally Invasive Surgery
Minimally invasive surgery is a type of procedure done without the use of a large incision (cut).
Preparing Your Child for Anesthesia
If your child needs to have an operation, you probably have plenty of questions, many of them about anesthesia.
Retinopathy of Prematurity
Retinopathy of prematurity, which can happen in premature babies, causes abnormal blood vessel growth in the retina. Some children will need surgery to prevent vision loss or blindness.
Spinal Fusion Surgery
A spinal fusion is a surgical procedure that's done to stabilize or straighten the bones in the back. It can help kids and teens with scoliosis.
Types of Anesthesia
Here's a basic look at what each kind of anesthesia does.
What Is Informed Consent?
Find out what the experts have to say.
When Your Child Needs a Heart Transplant
If your child needs a heart transplant, you're probably feeling lots of emotions. Fortunately, many kids who undergo heart transplants go on to live normal, healthy lives.
When Your Child Needs a Liver Transplant
If your child needs a liver transplant, you're probably feeling lots of emotions. Fortunately, most kids who have liver transplants go on to live normal, healthy lives.
When Your Child's in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
It can be stressful whenever kids are in the hospital — and even more so when they're admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). A basic understanding of the PICU can help you feel better prepared to help your child recover.
Wound Healing and Care
How well a wound heals depends on where it is on the body and what caused it. Good home care is an important part of healing.
- Caring for a Seriously or Chronically Ill Child
- Emotions & Behavior
Emotions & Behavior
- Behavior
Behavior
A Parent's Guide to Surviving the Teen Years
You've lived through 2 AM feedings, toddler temper tantrums, and the back-to-school blues. So why is the word "teenager" causing you so much anxiety?
ADHD
ADHD is a common medical condition that can affect kids at school, at home, and in friendships. This article is for parents who want to learn more about ADHD and how to help kids get the best diagnosis and care.
ADHD Medicines
Medicine doesn’t cure ADHD. But it does help boost a child's ability to pay attention, slow down, and have more self-control. This article for parents has details on how ADHD medicines help.
ADHD and School
ADHD can affect a child's ability to do well in school and even make friends. This article for parents has tips on working with teachers to help your child succeed.
About Teen Suicide
When a teen commits suicide, everyone is affected. The reasons behind a suicide or attempted suicide can be complex, but often there are warning signs.
Binge Eating Disorder
Kids who eat unusually large amounts of food - and feel guilty or secretive about it - could be struggling with binge eating disorder.
Biting
There are ways to get to the bottom of your toddler's biting habit. These steps can help.
Breath-Holding Spells
Kids who have these spells hold their breath until they pass out. Although upsetting to watch, the spells are not harmful and do not pose any serious, long-term health risks.
Compulsive Exercise
Even though exercise has many positive benefits, too much can be harmful. Teens who exercise compulsively are at risk for both physical and psychological problems.
Coronavirus (COVID-19): Caring for Kids With Special Health Needs
During the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, kids with special health care needs still need routine care. But how they get it might change.
Cutting
Cutting isn't new, but this form of self-injury has been in the spotlight more in recent years. Learn more about it and ways to help a teen who cuts.
Delayed Speech or Language Development
Knowing what's "normal" and what's not in speech and language development can help you figure out if you should be concerned or if your child is right on schedule.
Disciplining Your Child
It's important to be consistent about discipline. If you don't stick to the rules and consequences, kids aren't likely to either. Find out how to vary your approach to fit your family.
Disciplining Your Child With Special Needs
Here's how to set boundaries and communicate your expectations in a nurturing, loving way.
Helping Kids Cope With Cliques
With cliques prevalent in middle and high school, most kids encounter them at some point. Here's how parents can help kids maintain confidence and self-respect while negotiating cliques.
Helping Kids Deal With Bullies
Unfortunately, bullying is a common part of childhood. But parents can help kids cope with it and lessen its lasting impact.
Helping Teens Who Cut
Cutting isn't new, but this form of self-injury has been in the spotlight more in recent years. Learn more how to help a teen who cuts.
Helping Your Child Heal After a Trauma
Traumas are serious events that cause kids to fear for their life or safety. But kids can recover after trauma. There is therapy that can help. Kids also need extra support and comfort from parents.
Kids and Alcohol
As much as parents may not like to think about it, the truth is that many kids and teens try alcohol before it is legal for them to drink it. Here's what you need to know.
Kids and Smoking
The health risks of smoking are well known, many young people still do it. Here's how to help your kids avoid smoking, vaping, or using chewing tobacco - or quit, if they've already started.
Mental Health Specialists
Counselors, therapists, clinical social workers, psychologists, and psychiatrists are all experts in mental health. But there can be differences. Learn more.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
All kids have worries and doubts. But some have obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in which their worries compel them to behave in certain ways over and over again. OCD can get better with the right attention and care.
Parenting a Child With ADHD
Parenting is as important as any other part of ADHD treatment. The way parents respond can make ADHD better (or worse). This article has parenting tips to help kids improve and do well.
Parenting a Teen With ADHD
Parenting is as important as any other part of ADHD treatment. The way parents respond can make ADHD better (or worse). This article has parenting tips to help teens improve and do well.
Pica
Some young kids have the eating disorder pica, which is characterized by cravings to eat nonfood items.
Sexting: What Parents Need to Know
Sexting could haunt a teen for the rest of his or her life. Here's what parents need to know.
Soiling (Encopresis)
If your child has bowel movements in places other than the toilet, you know how frustrating it can be. Many kids who soil beyond the years of toilet teaching have a condition known as encopresis.
Sportsmanship
One of the most important goals of kids' sports is helping children develop a sense of good sportsmanship. Here's how to set a good example for your kids.
Steroids
Get the facts about steroids, their side effects, and what can drive kids and teens to try them.
Stuttering
Many young kids go through a stage when they stutter. Stuttering usually goes away on its own but in some cases lasts longer.
Talking to Your Child About Drugs
Just as you inoculate your kids against illnesses like measles, you can help "immunize" them against drug use by giving them the facts now.
Taming Tempers
Controlling outbursts can be difficult for kids - and helping them learn to do so is a tough job for the parents who love them. But just about every child can improve with the right coaching.
Teaching Kids Not to Bully
Whether bullying is physical or verbal, if it's not stopped it can lead to more aggressive antisocial behavior - and harm a child's success in school and friendships.
Teaching Your Child Self-Control
Tantrums and outbursts can rile even the most patient parents. Helping kids learn self-control teaches them how to respond to situations without just acting on impulse.
Teens Talk About Bullying (Video)
Hear from teens who've been bullied - and what they did about it.
Temper Tantrums
Temper tantrums range from whining and crying to screaming, kicking, hitting, and breath holding. Get the facts on managing - and preventing - temper tantrums.
Therapy for ADHD
Therapy is part of the treatment for most kids and teens diagnosed with ADHD. This article helps parents learn what to expect and how therapy works.
Toilet Training
Even before your child is ready to try the potty, you can prepare your little one by teaching about the process. Here are some tips.
Your Child's Habits
Nail biting, hair twirling, thumb sucking, and nose picking - these childhood habits are common. Here's how to deal with them.
- Emotions
Emotions
Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety is a normal part of growing up, and all kids experience it. But when it becomes extreme, it can interfere with a child's overall happiness.
Becoming a Stepparent
Stepparenting can be a challenging yet rewarding experience. Learn how to cultivate a healthy relationship with your stepkids.
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
For teens, concerns about appearances often take center stage. But if these concerns are all-consuming, cause extreme distress, and keep them from doing and thinking about other things, it may be a sign of a condition called body dysmorphic disorder.
Childhood Stress
Being a kid doesn't always mean being carefree - even the youngest tots worry. Find out what stresses kids out and how to help them cope.
Competitive Sports: Helping Kids Play it Cool
Sometimes the pressure to succeed on the field or in the court can be overwhelming. Learn what you can do to help your child keeps things in perspective.
Coronavirus (COVID-19): Calming Anxiety
Many people - kids and adults - are worried about coronavirus (COVID-19). But anxiety about it doesn't have to get the upper hand. Here's how to calm fears and focus on good things.
Coronavirus (COVID-19): Helping Kids With Autism Cope
Adjusting to new routines during the coronavirus pandemic is stressful for everyone, but especially for children with autism who have trouble with change. Here's how parents can help.
Cutting
Cutting isn't new, but this form of self-injury has been in the spotlight more in recent years. Learn more about it and ways to help a teen who cuts.
Cyberbullying
Cyberbullying is the use of technology to harass, threaten, embarrass or target another person. Here are some suggestions on what to do if online bullying has become part of your child's life.
Depression
Depression is the most common mental health disorder in the U.S. If you think your child is depressed, you'll want to learn more about what depression is, what causes it, and what you can do to help.
Eating Disorders
Eating disorders are common among teens and kids, especially young women. Read about the warning signs, prevention strategies, and ways to help a child with an eating disorder.
Helping Kids Deal With Bullies
Unfortunately, bullying is a common part of childhood. But parents can help kids cope with it and lessen its lasting impact.
Helping Kids Handle Worry
All kids to worry at times, and some may worry more than others. But parents can help kids manage worry and tackle everyday problems with ease. Find out how.
Helping Your Child Deal With Death
Helping kids cope with the death of a loved one can be hard, particularly as you work through your own grief. Here are some tips.
Helping Your Child Heal After a Trauma
Traumas are serious events that cause kids to fear for their life or safety. But kids can recover after trauma. There is therapy that can help. Kids also need extra support and comfort from parents.
Helping Your Child Through a Divorce
By minimizing the stress a divorce creates, being patient as everyone adjusts to the new situation, and responding openly and honestly to your kids' concerns, you can help them through this difficult time.
How Do I Handle the Transition When My Husband Returns From Active Duty?
Find out what the experts have to say.
I Love My New Baby. So, Why Am I Sad?
Find out what the experts have to say.
Mental Health Specialists
Counselors, therapists, clinical social workers, psychologists, and psychiatrists are all experts in mental health. But there can be differences. Learn more.
Natural Disasters: How Families Can Help
When natural disasters like tornadoes, hurricanes, and earthquakes strike, it's natural for people to want to help. Here are some ways to do that.
Normal Childhood Fears
It's normal for children to feel afraid at times. Parents can help kids feel safe and learn to feel at ease.
Postpartum Depression
It's important for new mothers – and those who love them – to understand the symptoms of postpartum depression and reach out to family, friends, and medical professionals for help.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Kids and teens who live through a traumatic event can develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Healing is possible with the help of professional counseling and support from loved ones.
Preparing Kids for Hurricanes
Hurricanes can be scary for grown-ups and kids alike. Here are some tips to help them — and you — be ready during hurricane season.
Preparing Your Child for a Move
Disruptive as moving can be for parents, the experience can be even more traumatic for kids. Here's how to make moving less stressful for the whole family.
Preparing Your Child for a New Sibling
The arrival of a new baby can cause lots of changes. But parents can prepare kids for an addition to the family.
Questions and Answers About Sex
Answering kids' questions about sex is a responsibility many parents dread. But by answering these questions honestly, parents can help foster healthy feelings about sex.
School Violence and the News
As terrible and frightening as incidents of school violence are, they are rare. But it's natural for kids to worry. Here's how to help them deal with these fears.
Seasonal Affective Disorder
A person with SAD typically experiences symptoms of depression as winter approaches and daylight hours become shorter.
Separation Anxiety
Teary and tantrum-filled goodbyes are common with separation anxiety, which is a perfectly normal part of childhood development.
Sexual Orientation
During the teen years, sexual feelings are awakened in new ways because of the hormonal and physical changes of puberty. It takes time for many kids to understand who they are and who they're becoming. Part of that understanding includes a person's sexual feelings and attractions.
Sibling Rivalry
As upsetting as it can be for a parent, conflict between siblings is very common. Here's how to help your kids get along.
Taking Your Child to a Therapist
Many children and teens have problems that affect how they feel, act, or learn. Going to therapy helps them cope better, feel better, and do better.
Teens Talk About Bullying (Video)
Hear from teens who've been bullied - and what they did about it.
Teens Talk About Love (Video)
Hear teens' take on love, marriage, divorce, dating, and breakups.
Teens Talk About Stress (Video)
Teens talk about what stresses them out and how they cope.
Tips for Divorcing Parents
No guide can guarantee a way to steer kids unscathed through a divorce. Every situation - and every family - is different. But these commonsense guidelines might make the adjustment a bit easier.
What Kids Say About: Handling Stress
In a KidsHealth® KidsPoll, kids talked about what they stress about the most, how they cope with these feelings, and how they want parents to help.
When a Pet Dies
For most kids, pets are more than just animals – they're members of the family. So it can be heartbreaking to lose one. Here's how to help kids cope.
Your Child's Self-Esteem
Strong self-esteem is a child's armor against the challenges of the world. Here's how to build healthy self-esteem in your kids.
- Behavior
- First Aid & Safety
First Aid & Safety
- Emergencies
Emergencies
A to Z: Head Injury
Learn more about head injuries (head trauma).
Bites and Scratches
Animal bites and scratches, even minor ones, can become infected and spread bacteria to other parts of the body, regardless of whether the animal is a family pet or a wild animal.
Buckle Fractures
A buckle or torus fracture is a type of broken bone. One side of the bone bends, raising a little buckle, without breaking the other side of the bone.
Bug Bites and Stings
Most bug bites and stings are just annoying. But some can cause infections and allergic reactions. It's important to know what to watch for, and when to get medical attention.
Burns
Burns, especially scalds from hot water and liquids, are some of the most common childhood accidents. Minor burns often can be safely treated at home, but more serious burns require medical care.
CPR
Every parent should know how and when to administer CPR. Done correctly, CPR can save a child's life by restoring breathing and circulation until medical personnel arrive.
Choking
Choking is an emergency - so it's important to recognize the signs of choking and know what to do if happens.
Comminuted Fractures
A comminuted fracture is a type of broken bone. The bone is broken into more than two pieces.
Concussions
Concussions are serious injuries that can be even more serious if kids don't get the time and rest needed to heal them completely.
Coronavirus (COVID-19): Being Ready to Quarantine
People who have a coronavirus (COVID-19) infection or are around someone who has it should stay home to prevent spreading the virus. Here's how to prepare to quarantine or isolate at home.
Dealing With Cuts
Find out how to handle minor cuts at home - and when to get medical care for a more serious injury.
Dehydration
Sometimes kids lose fluids and salts through fever, diarrhea, vomiting, or sweating. Here are some tips on preventing or treating dehydration.
Eye Injuries
You can treat many minor eye irritations by flushing the eye, but more serious injuries require medical attention.
Fevers
Fevers happen when the body's internal "thermostat" raises the body temperature above normal. This is often the body's way of fighting infections.
Fire Safety
Find out how to prevent - and be ready for - a fire in your home.
First Aid & Safety Center
Boo-boos, bug bites, and broken bones - oh my! Here's your one-stop shop for everything you need to know about how to keep kids safe.
Frostbite and Frostnip
You can help prevent frostbite in cold weather by dressing kids in layers, making sure they come indoors at regular intervals, and watching for frostnip, frostbite's early warning signal.
Going to the Emergency Room
Knowing what to expect when you need to take your child to the emergency room can help make it a little less stressful.
Greenstick Fractures
A greenstick fracture is a type of broken bone. The bone cracks on one side only, not all the way through the bone.
Head Injuries
Head injuries can be external or internal. Learn more about both kinds, how to prevent them, and what to do if your child is injured.
Heat Illness
Active kids can be at risk for heat illness, which can result in heat cramps, heat exhaustion, or heatstroke. Learn how to prevent and treat heat illness.
Hemophilia: Handling Bleeds
Kids with hemophilia can bleed easily or longer than normal. So it's important for parents to know how to handle bleeding when it happens.
How to Take Your Child's Pulse
Need to check your child's heart rate? Follow our guide and check with your doctor if you have questions.
How to Take Your Child's Temperature
All kids get a fever from time to time. Here's how to take your child's temperature, safely and accurately.
Knowing Your Child's Medical History
In an emergency, health care professionals will have many questions about a patient's medical history. It's easy to compile this information now, and it could save critical minutes later.
Nosebleeds
A nosebleed can be scary, but it's rarely cause for alarm. Here's how to handle one at home.
Seizures
Seizures are caused by a sudden surge of electrical activity in the brain. Find out what you need to know about seizures and what to do if your child has one.
Serious Allergic Reactions (Anaphylaxis)
Kids with severe allergies can be at risk for a sudden, serious allergic reaction called anaphylaxis. The good news is that when treated properly, anaphylaxis can be managed.
Teaching Your Child How to Use 911
Teaching your child how to use 911 in an emergency could be one of the simplest - and most important - lessons you'll ever share.
Vomiting
Most vomiting is caused by gastroenteritis, and usually isn't serious. These home-care tips can help prevent dehydration.
What You Need to Know in an Emergency
In an emergency, it's hard to think clearly about your kids' health information. Here's what important medical information you should have handy, just in case.
When and Where to Get Medical Care
Should you head to the ER when your child is hurt or ill? What about an urgent care center? Different problems need different levels of care, and you have many options.
Wound Healing and Care
How well a wound heals depends on where it is on the body and what caused it. Good home care is an important part of healing.
- Outdoor Safety
Outdoor Safety
10 Tips for a Safe Halloween This Year
2020…the year of cancellations. As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, can we have Halloween?
All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV) Safety
ATVs are off-road vehicles often used for recreation. But kids 16 and younger shouldn't ride them. Find out why, and more, here.
Auto Safety
More kids are injured in auto collisions than in any other type of accident, but you can protect them by learning the proper use of car seats and booster seats.
Backpack Safety
As practical as they are, backpacks can strain muscles and joints and may cause back pain if they're too heavy or are used incorrectly. Here's how to help kids find the right backpack.
Cold, Ice, and Snow Safety
In ice and snow, accidents can happen easily. Find out how to keep your family safe - and fit - while the weather is chilly.
Fireworks Safety
Before your family celebrates a holiday, make sure everyone knows about fireworks safety.
First Aid & Safety Center
Boo-boos, bug bites, and broken bones - oh my! Here's your one-stop shop for everything you need to know about how to keep kids safe.
Frostbite and Frostnip
You can help prevent frostbite in cold weather by dressing kids in layers, making sure they come indoors at regular intervals, and watching for frostnip, frostbite's early warning signal.
Halloween Candy Hints
For health-conscious parents, Halloween can be tricky. Do you set limits? Do you let kids decide how much to eat? There isn't just one right answer.
How to Choose & Use Sunscreen
With all the options out there, choosing a sunscreen for your kids can be tricky. Here's what you need to know.
Jellyfish Stings
Frolicking in the ocean is a summertime rite of passage, but a jellyfish sting can spoil the fun. Here's how to handle it if someone in your family gets zapped by one of these mysterious sea creatures.
Mosquito-Borne Diseases
Mosquito-borne diseases are illnesses spread by the bite of an infected mosquito.
Outdoor Water Safety
Swimming in an open body of water (like a river, lake, or ocean) is different from swimming in a pool. Here are some tips based on the type of water.
Playground Safety
Following these safety guidelines can make neighborhood playgrounds entertaining and safe for your kids.
Poison Ivy
Most people get a reaction to poison ivy. Check out this article for tips on what to do and how to avoid poison ivy.
Pool Safety
Having a pool, pond, spa, or hot tub on your property is a huge responsibility when it comes to safety. Here’s how can you keep kids – yours and others – safe.
Preventing Abductions
It's important to teach your kids to be cautious without filling them with fear or anxiety. Here are ways to lessen the chances that your child will be abducted.
Preventing Dog Bites
Teaching kids a few basic dog manners will help them enjoy safe encounters with Fido.
Safety Tips: Running
Injuries can be common, and runners should always be aware of their surroundings. These tips can help keep runners safe.
Safety Tips: Sledding
Sledding is a lot of fun, but can also cause injuries, some of them pretty serious. To keep your kids safe while sledding, make sure they follow these safety tips.
Sun Safety
By teaching kids how to enjoy fun in the sun safely, parents can reduce their risk for developing skin cancer.
Tick Removal: A Step-by-Step Guide
Boy, your child's freckles really stand out in the sun — yikes, that one is actually a tick! What should you do?
Using Car Seats Safely (Video)
Safely securing kids in cars can be tricky. This video makes it easy to figure out which seat your child needs, and when.
Water Safety
Kids need constant supervision around water - whether the water is in a bathtub, pool, the sea, or a water park. Here's how to keep them safe.
West Nile Virus
The threat of West Nile virus has made getting a mosquito bite a cause for concern. What is West Nile virus, and what can you do to prevent it?
- Playground and Sports Safety
Playground and Sports Safety
All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV) Safety
ATVs are off-road vehicles often used for recreation. But kids 16 and younger shouldn't ride them. Find out why, and more, here.
Bike Safety
Bike riding is a great way to get exercise and share time as a family. But there's an important factor that you need to consider - safety.
First Aid & Safety Center
Boo-boos, bug bites, and broken bones - oh my! Here's your one-stop shop for everything you need to know about how to keep kids safe.
How Can Parents Help Prevent Concussions?
Concussions are serious injuries. Here's how to help protect kids and teens from these mild traumatic brain injuries.
How to Choose & Use Sunscreen
With all the options out there, choosing a sunscreen for your kids can be tricky. Here's what you need to know.
Is It OK for Kids to Sleep After a Possible Concussion?
Find out what the experts have to say.
Playground Safety
Following these safety guidelines can make neighborhood playgrounds entertaining and safe for your kids.
Preventing Children's Sports Injuries
Participation in sports can teach kids sportsmanship and discipline. But sports also carry the potential for injury. Here's how to protect your kids.
Safety Tips: Baseball
Baseball is by no means a dangerous sport. But it can present a very real risk of injuries from things like wild pitches, batted balls, and collisions in the field. These safety tips can help keep your kids safe on the diamond.
Safety Tips: Basketball
Basketball is fun - but it's also a contact sport, and injuries happen. To help your kids stay safe on the basketball court, take a look at these safety tips.
Safety Tips: Football
Football is a lot of fun, but injuries are common. To keep things as safe as possible on the gridiron, players should follow these tips.
Safety Tips: Hockey
As fun as it is, ice hockey carries a very real risk of injury. To keep your kids as safe as possible, follow these tips.
Safety Tips: Lacrosse
Lacrosse is a fast-moving, fun sport to play and watch. But injuries are bound to happen. Here's how to help players avoid them.
Safety Tips: Running
Injuries can be common, and runners should always be aware of their surroundings. These tips can help keep runners safe.
Safety Tips: Skateboarding
Skateboarding is undeniably cool, but it's also easy for riders to get hurt. Help your kids keep it safe with these safety tips.
Safety Tips: Skiing
Skiing is fun but also has some very real dangers. Make sure your kids follow these safety tips to learn how to stay safe on the slopes.
Safety Tips: Sledding
Sledding is a lot of fun, but can also cause injuries, some of them pretty serious. To keep your kids safe while sledding, make sure they follow these safety tips.
Safety Tips: Snowboarding
Snowboarding is a great way to have fun and get exercise, but it has some very real dangers. These safety tips can help keep your family safe on the slopes.
Safety Tips: Wrestling
In wrestling, injuries are bound to happen sometimes. To keep things as safe as possible, wrestlers should follow these tips
- Printable Safety Guides
Printable Safety Guides
About First Aid Guides
Whether it's a medical emergency or minor injury, we've got the first-aid info you need.
First Aid: Allergic Reactions
Although most allergic reactions aren't serious, severe reactions can be life-threatening and can require immediate medical attention.
First Aid: Animal Bites
Animal bites and scratches that break the skin can cause infection. Rarely, animal bites can cause rabies, a dangerous, life-threatening disease.
First Aid: Asthma Flare-Ups
During a flare-up or attack, it's hard to breathe. While some flare-ups are mild, others can be life threatening, so it's important to deal with them right away.
First Aid: Broken Bones
A broken bone needs emergency medical care. Here's what to do if you think your child just broke a bone.
First Aid: Burns
Scald burns from hot water and other liquids are the most common type of burn young kids get. Here's what to do if your child is burned.
First Aid: Chest Pains
Chest pain can be caused by many things, but it is rarely a sign of heart trouble in children. Here's what to do about it.
First Aid: Chickenpox
Chickenpox (varicella) has become less common in the U.S. due to the chickenpox vaccine, but it can easily spread from one person to another.
First Aid: Choking
Choking can be a life-threatening emergency. Follow these steps if your child is choking.
First Aid: Common Cold
Kids can get up to eight colds a year - or more. The common cold sends more kids to the doctor than any other illness.
First Aid: Constipation
Constipation is when a child has fewer bowel movements than usual. Ease constipation with the three Fs: fluid, fiber, and fitness.
First Aid: Coughing
Coughing is a healthy reflex that helps clear the airways. A severe or lingering cough requires medical treatment, but many coughs are caused by viruses that just need to run their course.
First Aid: Croup
Croup is a viral infection that causes a telltake "barking" cough. Find out what to do if your child has croup and when to call the doctor.
First Aid: Cuts
Most cuts can be safely treated at home. But deeper cuts - or any wounds that won't stop bleeding - need emergency medical treatment.
First Aid: Dehydration
Kids can become dehydrated when their bodies lose very large amounts of fluids. It's important to replenish fluid losses as quickly as possible.
First Aid: Diaper Rash
Diaper rash is a common skin condition in babies. In most cases, the condition clears up quickly with a few simple changes.
First Aid: Diarrhea
Diarrhea is common and usually not a sign of something serious. Find out what to do if your child has diarrhea.
First Aid: Dislocations
A dislocation happens when two connected bones are separated. These injuries require emergency medical care to avoid further damage.
First Aid: Earaches
An earache requires a visit to the doctor's office. Here's what to do if your child complains of ear pain.
First Aid: Eye Injuries
Some eye injuries can be treated at home, while others require a visit to the doctor or emergency room. Find out what to do if your child has eye pain.
First Aid: Fainting
Fainting is a loss of consciousness that can be caused by many things. Here's what to do if your child faints or is about to faint.
First Aid: Falls
Although most result in mild bumps and bruises, some falls can cause serious injuries that need medical attention.
First Aid: Febrile Seizures
Febrile seizures are convulsions that happen in some children with fevers. They usually stop on their own after a few minutes and don't cause any other health problems.
First Aid: Fever
Fevers are usually not cause for alarm - they're the body's way of fighting infection. Here's what to do if your child has a fever.
First Aid: Frostbite
Exposure to extreme cold can cause frostbite, a serious condition that requires emergency care. Here's what to do if your child has frostbite.
First Aid: Head Injuries
Learn about the different types of head injuries, and find out what to do if your child is seriously injuried.
First Aid: Head Lice
Lice commonly spread from kid to kid. They're not dangerous - but they are creepy and annoying. Here's what to do about them.
First Aid: Headaches
Headaches are rarely a sign of something serious. Here's what to do if your child has a headache.
First Aid: Heat Illness
In hot weather, a child's internal temperature can rise and cause heat exhaustion, which can progress to heatstroke if not treated quickly.
First Aid: Insect Stings and Bites
Being stung by a bug is often just irritating and doesn't require medical treatment. But kids who are highly allergic to stings may need emergency medical care.
First Aid: Nosebleeds
Although they can be serious, nosebleeds are common in children ages 3 to 10 years and most stop on their own.
First Aid: Pain With Urinating (Peeing)
When it hurts to pee, a urinary tract infection (UTI) is usually to blame. But there are other causes. Here's what to do.
First Aid: Pinkeye
Pinkeye is an inflammation of the white part of the eye and the inner eyelids. Although some kinds of pinkeye go away on their own, others require treatment.
First Aid: Poison Ivy/Oak/Sumac
Mild rashes from poison ivy, oak, and sumac plants can be treated at home. But severe and widespread rashes require medical treatment.
First Aid: Poisoning
If you think that your child has taken a poison and he or she is not alert, call 911. Otherwise, contact your local poison control center at 1-800-222-1222.
First Aid: Rashes
Sometimes rashes are only a minor annoyance. Other times, they are more serious and require medical treatment. Here's what to do if your child has a rash.
First Aid: Ringworm
Ringworm is a common fungal infection of the skin. Here's what to do if your child has ringworm.
First Aid: Seizures
Although seizures can be frightening, usually they last only a few minutes, stop on their own, and are almost never life-threatening.
First Aid: Sore Throat
Sore throats are usually caused by viruses. Here's what to do if your child has a sore throat.
First Aid: Spider Bites
Most spider bites cause mild reactions, but some can cause serious illness or allergic reactions. Here's what to do if you think your child was bitten by a spider.
First Aid: Splinters
Taking a splinter out as soon as you spot it helps prevent infection and makes removal easier.
First Aid: Stiff Neck
A stiff neck is usually nothing to worry about. In rare cases, it can be a sign of something serious. Here's what to do about a stiff neck.
First Aid: Stomachaches
Stomachaches are common in childhood, and often caused by gas, constipation or viruses. Find out when a stomachache requires a trip to the doctor.
First Aid: Strains and Sprains
Here's what to do if you think your child has pulled or torn a muscle, ligament, or tendon.
First Aid: Sunburn
You can treat mild sunburn at home. But severe sunburn needs medical attention. Here's what to do.
First Aid: Teeth Injuries
If your child loses a baby tooth, there's no need to replace it. But if a permanent tooth is dislodged, it's a dental emergency. Here's what to do.
First Aid: The Flu
Telltale signs of the flu include a sore throat, body aches and fever. Here's what to do if your child has the flu.
First Aid: Tick Bites
Some ticks carry harmful germs that can cause disease. Find out what to do if your child is bitten by a tick.
First Aid: Vomiting
Vomiting can be caused by many things, most commonly gastroenteritis (the "stomach flu"). Here's what to do when your child throws up.
First Aid: Warts
Warts are common skin infections. They generally don't cause any serious problems, so usually don't need to be removed.
- Safety Away From Home
Safety Away From Home
Booster Seat Safety
Your tot's not a baby anymore! It's time for a big-kid booster seat. But how can you ensure that your child is still safe and secure in the car? Find out here.
Car Seat Safety
What's the right way to install an infant safety seat? Is your toddler ready for a convertible seat? Get the car seat know-how you need here.
Choosing Safe Baby Products: Carriers
Babies love and need close contact, and infant carriers are ideal for nestling them against their parents. Here's how to use one safely.
Choosing Safe Baby Products: Infant Seats & Child Safety Seats
Regular infant seats simply allow young babies to sit up. Never substitute any type of infant seat for a child safety seat (car seat).
Choosing Safe Baby Products: Strollers
Strollers come in a variety of sizes and styles. When you're searching for that perfect stroller that's light and portable, keep safety in mind.
Do My Kids Need Vaccines Before Traveling?
Find out what the experts have to say.
First Aid & Safety Center
Boo-boos, bug bites, and broken bones - oh my! Here's your one-stop shop for everything you need to know about how to keep kids safe.
Flying and Your Child's Ears
That weird ear-popping sensation is a normal part of air travel. Here's how to help equalize the air pressure in your child's ears to prevent or decrease ear pain.
How to Choose & Use Sunscreen
With all the options out there, choosing a sunscreen for your kids can be tricky. Here's what you need to know.
Road Rules for Little Passengers
Use these tips to teach your kids how to stay safe when riding in a car or on a school bus.
Rules of the Road for Teen Drivers
When teens get their driver's license, parents should consider creating their own rules of the road beyond the relevant driving laws.
Staying Healthy While You Travel
When you're traveling with your kids, there's a chance that someone might get sick. But early planning and smart packing can help ensure your family stays healthy and safe.
Using Car Seats Safely (Video)
Safely securing kids in cars can be tricky. This video makes it easy to figure out which seat your child needs, and when.
When Can a Child Switch to a Regular Seatbelt?
Find out what the experts have to say.
- Safety at Home
Safety at Home
10 Tips for a Safe Halloween This Year
2020…the year of cancellations. As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, can we have Halloween?
Are Infant Walkers Safe?
Find out what the experts have to say.
Backyard and Pool: Household Safety Checklist
Use these checklists to make a safety check of your home, including your backyard and pool area. You should answer "yes" to all of these questions.
Bathroom Water Safety
Always supervise young kids in the bath to keep them safe. Here are other bathroom water safety tips.
Bathroom, Laundry, and Garage: Household Safety Checklist
Use these checklists to make a safety check of your home, including your bathroom, garage, and laundry area. You should answer "yes" to all of these questions.
Bedrooms: Household Safety Checklist
Use these checklists to make a safety check of your home, including your nursery, child's room, adult's bedroom. You should answer "yes" to all of these questions.
Childproofing and Preventing Household Accidents
You might think of babies and toddlers when you hear the words "babyproofing" or "childproofing," but unintentional injury is the leading cause of death in kids 14 and under.
Choking
Choking is an emergency - so it's important to recognize the signs of choking and know what to do if happens.
Choosing Safe Baby Products
Choosing baby products can be confusing, but one consideration must never be compromised: your little one's safety.
Choosing Safe Baby Products: Bathtubs
Baby bathtubs give parents a safe way to wash a wet, slippery baby. Here's how to choose and use one.
Choosing Safe Baby Products: Carriers
Babies love and need close contact, and infant carriers are ideal for nestling them against their parents. Here's how to use one safely.
Choosing Safe Baby Products: Changing Tables
Babies can get hurt if they fall off changing tables, so they should always be watched closely. Here's what else to know.
Choosing Safe Baby Products: Cribs
When you choose a crib, check it carefully to make sure that your baby's sleep space is safe. Here's how.
Choosing Safe Baby Products: Gates
Gates placed at the top of stairs or in doorways are used to keep toddlers away from hazardous areas of the home. Here's what to look for.
Choosing Safe Baby Products: Infant Seats & Child Safety Seats
Regular infant seats simply allow young babies to sit up. Never substitute any type of infant seat for a child safety seat (car seat).
Choosing Safe Baby Products: Playpens
Playpens are popular because parents can put their baby in one knowing that their little one can't wander off. But they're no substitute for adult supervision.
Choosing Safe Baby Products: Toys
All toys you select for your baby or toddler should meet safety standards. These tips can help you find safe toys for your little one.
Choosing Safe Toys
Toys are a fun and important part of any child's development. And there's plenty you can do to make sure all toys are safe.
Choosing Safe Toys for School-Age Kids
Is your 10-year-old crying for a pellet gun? How about that used scooter? For help figuring out what toys are safe and appropriate for older kids, read these tips.
Choosing Safe Toys for Toddlers and Preschoolers
How can you tell if a small toy poses a choking risk? What types of unsafe toys should you avoid for your baby, toddler, or preschooler? Find out here.
Concussions
Concussions are serious injuries that can be even more serious if kids don't get the time and rest needed to heal them completely.
Electrical, Heating & Cooling: Household Safety Checklist
Use these checklists to make a safety check of your home, including your heating and cooling elements, smoke detectors, and electrical systems. You should answer "yes" to all of these questions.
Fire Safety
Find out how to prevent - and be ready for - a fire in your home.
First Aid & Safety Center
Boo-boos, bug bites, and broken bones - oh my! Here's your one-stop shop for everything you need to know about how to keep kids safe.
First-Aid Kit
A well-stocked first-aid kit, kept in easy reach, is a necessity in every home. Learn where you should keep a kit and what to put in it.
Food Safety for Your Family
Why is food safety important? And how can you be sure your kitchen and the foods you prepare in it are safe?
Gun Safety
Guns are in many homes, so they're a very real danger to kids, whether you own one or not. Learn how to talk with your kids about gun safety.
Halloween Candy Hints
For health-conscious parents, Halloween can be tricky. Do you set limits? Do you let kids decide how much to eat? There isn't just one right answer.
Hand Washing: Why It's So Important
Washing your hands well and often is the best way to keep from getting sick. Here's how to teach this all-important habit to your kids.
Household Safety Checklists
Young kids love to explore their homes, but are unaware of the potential dangers. Learn how to protect them with our handy household safety checklists.
Household Safety: Button Batteries
These small, shiny batteries are easy for babies and toddlers to swallow. Learn how to prevent injuries and know what to do if you think your child has swallowed one.
Household Safety: Preventing Burns, Shocks, and Fires
Burns are a potential hazard in every home. In fact, burns - especially scalds from hot water and liquids - are some of the most common childhood accidents. Here's how to protect kids from burns.
Household Safety: Preventing Choking
Choking is usually caused by food, toys, and other small objects that can get stuck in a child's windpipe. Read about how to protect kids from choking hazards.
Household Safety: Preventing Cuts
It's important to protect kids from sharp and dangerous items around and outside the home. Here are ways to prevent cuts and other injuries.
Household Safety: Preventing Drowning
Water safety is important at any age, but especially if you have babies or toddlers. Here's how to reduce drowning risks.
Household Safety: Preventing Injuries From Falling, Climbing, and Grabbing
Here's how to help protect kids from a dangerous fall or a tumble into a sharp edge in your home.
Household Safety: Preventing Injuries From Firearms
If you own a gun, be sure that these rules are followed in your home to protect your kids from injury and death.
Household Safety: Preventing Injuries in the Crib
Your baby will spend a lot of time in the crib, and it's your job to make sure it's always a safe environment. Here's how to ensure the safety of your littlest sleeper.
Household Safety: Preventing Poisoning
From fertilizer to antifreeze and medicines to makeup, poisonous items are throughout our homes. Here's how to protect your kids from ingesting a poisonous substance.
Household Safety: Preventing Strangulation and Entrapment
Kids can strangle or become entrapped in the most unexpected ways - even cords, strings on clothing, and infant furniture and accessories can be dangerous. Read how to prevent these dangers around your home.
Household Safety: Preventing Suffocation
Because babies aren't yet able to raise their heads, they need special protection from suffocation. But small children are at risk, too. Some simple rules can help you protect them.
Internet Safety
The Internet is a wonderful resource, but access to it has its hazards for kids. Here's how to make sure your kids go online safely.
Kitchen: Household Safety Checklist
Use these checklists to make a safety check of your home, including your kitchen. You should answer "yes" to all of these questions.
Knowing Your Child's Medical History
In an emergency, health care professionals will have many questions about a patient's medical history. It's easy to compile this information now, and it could save critical minutes later.
Lead Poisoning
Long-term exposure to lead can cause serious health problems, particularly in young kids, so it's important to find out whether your child might be at risk for lead exposure.
Leaving Your Child Home Alone
It's natural for parents to be a bit anxious when first leaving kids without supervision. But you can feel prepared and confident with some planning and a couple of trial runs.
Making the Holidays Safe
Make the holidays fun and healthy by learning how to protect your kids from these common hazards.
Medicines: Using Them Safely
Giving kids medicine safely can be complicated. Here's how you can help treat your child's illness while you prevent dangerous reactions.
Pool Safety
Having a pool, pond, spa, or hot tub on your property is a huge responsibility when it comes to safety. Here’s how can you keep kids – yours and others – safe.
Preventing Dog Bites
Teaching kids a few basic dog manners will help them enjoy safe encounters with Fido.
Preventing House Fires
Take the time now to review fire safety facts and tips to prevent fires in your home.
Taking Care of Your Grandchildren
When you take care of your grandkids, you're probably excited to put your own parenting experience to good use. But there are a few childcare basics to brush up on.
Walls & Floors, Doors & Windows, Furniture, Stairways: Household Safety Checklist
Use these checklists to make a safety check of your home, including your walls, floors, furniture, doors, windows, and stairways. You should answer "yes" to all of these questions.
Water Safety
Kids need constant supervision around water - whether the water is in a bathtub, pool, the sea, or a water park. Here's how to keep them safe.
- Water Safety
Water Safety
Bathroom Water Safety
Always supervise young kids in the bath to keep them safe. Here are other bathroom water safety tips.
First Aid & Safety Center
Boo-boos, bug bites, and broken bones - oh my! Here's your one-stop shop for everything you need to know about how to keep kids safe.
Jellyfish Stings
Frolicking in the ocean is a summertime rite of passage, but a jellyfish sting can spoil the fun. Here's how to handle it if someone in your family gets zapped by one of these mysterious sea creatures.
Outdoor Water Safety
Swimming in an open body of water (like a river, lake, or ocean) is different from swimming in a pool. Here are some tips based on the type of water.
Pool Safety
Having a pool, pond, spa, or hot tub on your property is a huge responsibility when it comes to safety. Here’s how can you keep kids – yours and others – safe.
Water Safety
Kids need constant supervision around water - whether the water is in a bathtub, pool, the sea, or a water park. Here's how to keep them safe.
- Emergencies
- Flu Center Content List
- All About Flu
All About Flu
Is It a Cold, the Flu, or COVID-19?
Your child has a sore throat, cough, and a high fever. Is it COVID-19? Could it be the flu? Or just a cold? Here are tips on what to look for, and what to do.
The Flu (Influenza)
Flu symptoms tend to come on quickly and are worse than the sneezing and stuffiness of a cold. The flu is very contagious. Find out what to do in this article for parents.
Who Should Get the Flu Vaccine?
The flu vaccine is a good idea for all families. It does not cause the flu, and it helps keep kids and parents from getting sick.
- Flu & Pregnancy
Flu & Pregnancy
Can Getting Vaccines Affect My Unborn Baby?
Find out what the experts have to say.
Too Late for the Flu Vaccine?
It's best to get the flu vaccine early in flu season, so the body can make antibodies that protect it from the flu. But getting it later is better than not getting it at all.
Who Should Get the Flu Vaccine?
The flu vaccine is a good idea for all families. It does not cause the flu, and it helps keep kids and parents from getting sick.
- Flu Q&A
Flu Q&A
Is it Safe to Breastfeed if I Have the Flu?
Find out what the experts have to say.
Too Late for the Flu Vaccine?
It's best to get the flu vaccine early in flu season, so the body can make antibodies that protect it from the flu. But getting it later is better than not getting it at all.
Vaccines & Antibiotics: A Safe Combo?
Find out what the experts have to say.
When Is an Illness Contagious?
Find out what the experts have to say.
Who Should Get the Flu Vaccine?
The flu vaccine is a good idea for all families. It does not cause the flu, and it helps keep kids and parents from getting sick.
- Prevention
Prevention
Common Questions About Immunizations
Immunizations have protected millions of children from potentially deadly diseases. Learn about immunizations and find out exactly what they do - and what they don't.
Germs: Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, and Protozoa
Germs are the microscopic bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa that can cause disease.
Hand Washing: Why It's So Important
Washing your hands well and often is the best way to keep from getting sick. Here's how to teach this all-important habit to your kids.
How Can I Comfort My Baby During Shots?
Find out what the experts have to say.
How Many Doses of Flu Vaccine Does My Child Need?
Knowing the doctor-recommended flu vaccination schedule can be confusing. Use this tool to help you understand how many doses your child needs.
Immunization Schedule
Which vaccines does your child need and when? Use this immunization schedule as a handy reference.
Too Late for the Flu Vaccine?
It's best to get the flu vaccine early in flu season, so the body can make antibodies that protect it from the flu. But getting it later is better than not getting it at all.
Who Should Get the Flu Vaccine?
The flu vaccine is a good idea for all families. It does not cause the flu, and it helps keep kids and parents from getting sick.
Your Child's Immunizations
Immunizations protect kids from many dangerous diseases. Find out what vaccines your child needs to grow up healthy.
Your Child's Immunizations: Influenza Vaccine (Flu Shot)
Find out when and why kids need to get the flu vaccine.
- Treatment
Treatment
Asthma Triggers
Triggers — things in the air, weather conditions, or activities — can cause asthma flare-ups. By knowing and avoiding triggers, you'll help lessen your child's asthma symptoms.
Cough and Cold Medicine Abuse
Chugging cough medicine for an instant high is a dangerous, potentially deadly practice.
Coughing
Coughs are a common symptom, but most aren't a sign of a serious condition. Learn about different coughs, how to help your child feel better, and when to call your doctor.
Dehydration
Sometimes kids lose fluids and salts through fever, diarrhea, vomiting, or sweating. Here are some tips on preventing or treating dehydration.
Diarrhea
Most kids battle diarrhea from time to time, so it's important to know what to do to relieve and even prevent it.
Does My Child Need an Antibiotic? (Video)
Antibiotics are powerful medicines that can help kids feel better -- but only when they have certain illnesses. Find out if an antibiotic is right for your child.
Fevers
Fevers happen when the body's internal "thermostat" raises the body temperature above normal. This is often the body's way of fighting infections.
Headaches
Headaches affect kids as well as adults. Learn about common causes and when to talk to a doctor.
How to Safely Give Acetaminophen
What kind? How much? How often? Find out how to give this pain and fever medicine.
How to Take Your Child's Temperature
All kids get a fever from time to time. Here's how to take your child's temperature, safely and accurately.
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is a lung infection that can be caused by different types of germs, most commonly viruses. Read about symptoms and treatment.
Teaching Your Child How to Swallow Pills
Swallowing a pill is something that many of us take for granted. But just like any skill, learning to swallow a pill takes practice.
The Danger of Antibiotic Overuse
Taking antibiotics too often or for the wrong reason has led to a dangerous rise in bacteria that no longer respond to medicine. Find out what you can do to prevent antibiotic overuse.
The Flu (Influenza)
Flu symptoms tend to come on quickly and are worse than the sneezing and stuffiness of a cold. The flu is very contagious. Find out what to do in this article for parents.
Tips for Treating the Flu
Here are some quick tips for helping your child get over the flu.
Vomiting
Most vomiting is caused by gastroenteritis, and usually isn't serious. These home-care tips can help prevent dehydration.
What's a Primary Care Physician (PCP)?
PCPs are health care providers that offer routine checkups, vaccines, and non-emergency medical care. Learn more about PCPs and how to choose a great one.
Who Should Get the Flu Vaccine?
The flu vaccine is a good idea for all families. It does not cause the flu, and it helps keep kids and parents from getting sick.
- All About Flu
- Food Allergies
- Celiac Disease
Celiac Disease
About Recipes for Kids With Celiac Disease
These recipes are especially for kids who need a gluten-free diet. Kids who need a gluten-free diet must avoid foods that contain gluten, which is a type of protein found in many foods.
Celiac Disease
Kids who have celiac disease, a disorder that makes their bodies react to gluten, can't eat certain kinds of foods. Find out more - including what foods are safe and where to find them.
What's the Difference Between a Food Allergy and a Food Intolerance?
Food allergies and food intolerances, like lactose intolerance, are not the same. Find out more.
- Common Food Allergies
Common Food Allergies
Egg Allergy
Helping your child manage an egg allergy means reading food labels carefully, being aware of what he or she eats, and carrying the right medicines in case of an allergic reaction.
Fish Allergy
Fish allergy can cause a serious reaction. Find out how to keep kids safe.
Food Allergies
Food allergies can cause serious and even deadly reactions in kids, so it's important to know how to feed a child with food allergies and to prevent reactions.
Nut and Peanut Allergy
If your child is allergic to nuts or peanuts, it's essential to learn what foods might contain them and how to avoid them.
Shellfish Allergy
Shellfish allergy can cause serious reactions. Find out common symptoms of allergic reactions and how to respond.
Soy Allergy
Soy is found in many foods and it's a common food allegy. Find out how to help kids with an allergy stay safe.
Wheat Allergy
Wheat allergy can cause serious reactions. Find out how to help kids with an allergy stay safe.
- Food Allergy Q&A
Food Allergy Q&A
Do Allergies Cause Asthma?
Allergies don't cause asthma, but kids who have allergies are more likely to get asthma.
How Do Doctors Test for Food Allergies?
Find out what the experts have to say.
I'm Breastfeeding. How Can I Lower My Baby's Food Allergy Risk?
Find out what the experts have to say.
I'm Pregnant. Can I Lower My Baby's Food Allergy Risk?
Find out what the experts have to say.
If My Child Has Food Allergies, What Should I Look for When Reading Food Labels?
Food labels can help you spot allergens your child must avoid. Find out more.
What Is Oral Allergy Syndrome?
Oral allergy syndrome can cause an itchy mouth and throat. Find out more.
What Is Skin Testing for Allergies?
A scratch or skin prick test is a common way doctors find out more about a person's allergies.
What's the Difference Between a Food Allergy and a Food Intolerance?
Food allergies and food intolerances, like lactose intolerance, are not the same. Find out more.
- Food Allergy Resources for Educators
Food Allergy Resources for Educators
Celiac Disease Factsheet (for Schools)
What teachers should know about celiac disease, and how to help students with the digestive disorder succeed in school.
Food Allergies Factsheet (for Schools)
What teachers should know about food allergies, and how to help students avoid or deal with allergic reactions.
Lactose Intolerance Factsheet (for Schools)
What teachers should know about lactose intolerance and how to help students who have it.
- Food Allergy Testing
Food Allergy Testing
Blood Test: Allergen-Specific Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
This blood test can check for some kinds of allergies.
Blood Test: Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
The immunoglobulin E (IgE) blood test is often done as part of an initial screen for allergies. High IgE levels also may indicate a parasitic infection.
How Do Doctors Test for Food Allergies?
Find out what the experts have to say.
What Is Skin Testing for Allergies?
A scratch or skin prick test is a common way doctors find out more about a person's allergies.
- Handling Emergencies
Handling Emergencies
5 Ways to Prepare for an Allergy Emergency
Being prepared for an allergy emergency will help you, your child, and other caregivers respond in the event of a serious reaction.
First Aid: Allergic Reactions
Although most allergic reactions aren't serious, severe reactions can be life-threatening and can require immediate medical attention.
Serious Allergic Reactions (Anaphylaxis)
Kids with severe allergies can be at risk for a sudden, serious allergic reaction called anaphylaxis. The good news is that when treated properly, anaphylaxis can be managed.
- Lactose Intolerance
Lactose Intolerance
About Recipes for Kids With Lactose Intolerance
These recipes are especially for kids with lactose intolerance. Kids with lactose intolerance often need to limit or avoid dairy products.
Lactose Intolerance
Many kids have lactose intolerance - trouble digesting lactose, the main sugar in milk and milk products - which can cause cramps, diarrhea, and gas.
What's the Difference Between a Food Allergy and a Food Intolerance?
Food allergies and food intolerances, like lactose intolerance, are not the same. Find out more.
- Living With Food Allergies
Living With Food Allergies
Food Allergies
Food allergies can cause serious and even deadly reactions in kids, so it's important to know how to feed a child with food allergies and to prevent reactions.
Going to School With Food Allergies
With preparation and education, a child with a food allergy can stay safe at school.
If My Child Has Food Allergies, What Should I Look for When Reading Food Labels?
Food labels can help you spot allergens your child must avoid. Find out more.
Stomachaches
Kids can have stomach pain for lots of reasons - not all of them related to the digestive system. Here are some clues about what could be going on.
- Celiac Disease
- General Health
General Health
- Aches, Pains & Injuries
Aches, Pains & Injuries
Broken Bones
Many kids will have a broken bone at some point. Here's what to expect.
Buckle Fractures
A buckle or torus fracture is a type of broken bone. One side of the bone bends, raising a little buckle, without breaking the other side of the bone.
Canker Sores
Many people regularly get bothersome canker sores in their mouths. Here's how to help prevent them - and make a kid who has one more comfortable.
Comminuted Fractures
A comminuted fracture is a type of broken bone. The bone is broken into more than two pieces.
Concussions
Concussions are serious injuries that can be even more serious if kids don't get the time and rest needed to heal them completely.
Fainting
Fainting is a temporary loss of consciousness. Someone who has fainted will usually recover quickly.
Fevers
Fevers happen when the body's internal "thermostat" raises the body temperature above normal. This is often the body's way of fighting infections.
Going to the Emergency Room
Knowing what to expect when you need to take your child to the emergency room can help make it a little less stressful.
Greenstick Fractures
A greenstick fracture is a type of broken bone. The bone cracks on one side only, not all the way through the bone.
Growing Pains
Does your child sometimes wake up crying in the middle of the night complaining of throbbing leg pain? It could be growing pains.
Headaches
Headaches affect kids as well as adults. Learn about common causes and when to talk to a doctor.
How Broken Bones Heal
Broken bones have an amazing ability to heal, especially in kids. Full healing can take time, but new bone usually forms a few weeks after an injury.
How to Take Your Child's Temperature
All kids get a fever from time to time. Here's how to take your child's temperature, safely and accurately.
Inflammation
Inflammation is one way the body reacts to infection, injury, or other medical conditions. Many things can cause it.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common intestinal problem that can cause cramps, gas, bloating, diarrhea, and constipation. Certain foods can trigger these problems. So can anxiety, stress, and infections.
Migraine Headaches
Migraine headaches can cause severe pain and other symptoms. Read about migraine causes, treatments, prevention tips, and lots more.
Occupational Therapy
Occupational therapy can help improve kids' cognitive, physical, and motor skills and build their self-esteem and sense of accomplishment.
Osgood-Schlatter Disease
Osgood-Schlatter disease (OSD) is one of the most common causes of knee pain in adolescents. It's really not a disease, but an overuse injury.
Physical Therapy
Doctors often recommend physical therapy for kids who have been injured or have movement problems from an illness, disease, or disability. Learn more about PT.
Splints
A splint is a support device that keeps an injured area from moving. Doctors often use splints to hold bones and joints in place so they can heal after a fracture.
Stress Fractures
A stress fracture is a tiny crack in a bone. They usually happen from repeating the same movement over and over.
When and Where to Get Medical Care
Should you head to the ER when your child is hurt or ill? What about an urgent care center? Different problems need different levels of care, and you have many options.
- Body Basics
Body Basics
About Body Basics
Remember the biology class you had in high school? Well, maybe you don't or maybe now that you have a child, your interest in how the body works has grown.
Blood
Here are the basics about the life-sustaining fluid called blood.
Blood Types
Categorizing blood according to type helps prevent reactions when someone gets a blood transfusion. Find out how blood types work.
Bones, Muscles, and Joints
Without bones, muscles, and joints, we couldn't stand, walk, run, or even sit. The musculoskeletal system supports our bodies, protects our organs from injury, and enables movement.
Brain and Nervous System
The brain controls everything we do, and is often likened to the central computer within a vast, complicated communication network, working at lightning speed.
Digestive System
The digestive process starts even before the first bite of food. Find out more about the digestive system and how our bodies break down and absorb the food we eat.
Ears
Hearing may be the ears' main job, but it's not all they do. Learn all about the ears in this Body Basics article.
Endocrine System
The glands of the endocrine system and the hormones they release affect almost every cell, organ, and function of our bodies.
Eyes
The eyes are small compared with most of the body's other organs, but their structure is incredibly complex. Learn more about eyes, vision, and common problems with both.
Female Reproductive System
Learning about the female reproductive system, what it does, and the problems that can affect it can help you better understand your daughter's reproductive health.
Heart and Circulatory System
The heart and circulatory system are our body's lifeline, delivering blood to the body's tissues. Brush up on your ticker with this body basics article.
How the Ears Work (Video)
The ears gather sounds from our environment and turn them into messages for the brain to decode. Learn more in this video about the ears.
Immune System
The immune system, composed of special cells, proteins, tissues, and organs that protect against germs and microorganisms, is the body's defense against disease.
Kidneys and Urinary Tract
The bean-shaped kidneys, each about the size of a child's fist, are essential to our health. Their most important role is to filter blood and produce urine.
Lungs and Respiratory System
By the time we're 70 years old, we will have taken at least 600 million breaths. All of this breathing couldn't happen without the respiratory system.
Male Reproductive System
Understanding the male reproductive system and what it does can help you better understand your son's reproductive health.
Metabolism
Brush up on metabolism, the chemical reactions in the body's cells that change food into energy, in this article.
Mouth and Teeth
Our mouth and teeth play an important role in our daily lives. Here's a course on the basics - including common problems of the mouth and teeth.
Skin, Hair, and Nails
Our skin protects the network of tissues, muscles, bones, nerves, blood vessels, and everything else inside our bodies. Hair and nails are actually modified types of skin.
The Lymphatic System
The lymphatic system is an extensive drainage network that helps keep body fluid levels in balance and defends the body against infections.
What Is Collagen?
Collagen is a protein in the body that helps make bones strong.
- Sick Kids
Sick Kids
Basic Blood Chemistry Tests
Doctors order basic blood chemistry tests to assess a wide range of conditions and the function of organs.
Blood Culture
A blood culture is a test that looks for germs (such as bacteria or fungi) in the blood.
Blood Test: Complete Blood Count
The complete blood count (CBC) is the most common blood test. It analyzes red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Blood Test: Hepatic (Liver) Function Panel
Liver function tests can help doctors see if the liver has been damaged. They also can help diagnose infections and monitor medications that can cause liver-related side effects.
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a complicated disease. It's a physical condition that also can also affect a person emotionally.
Constipation
Constipation is a very common problem among kids, and it usually occurs because a child's diet doesn't include enough fluids and fiber. In most cases, simple changes can help kids go.
Coughing
Coughs are a common symptom, but most aren't a sign of a serious condition. Learn about different coughs, how to help your child feel better, and when to call your doctor.
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Chloride Sweat Test
Is your child scheduled to have a sweat test? Find out how this test is performed and how it's used to diagnose cystic fibrosis.
ECG (Electrocardiogram)
Is your child scheduled to have an ECG? Find out how this test is performed and when you can expect the results.
EEG (Electroencephalogram)
Is your child scheduled to have an EEG? Find out how this test is done and when you can expect the results.
EMG (Electromyogram)
Is your child scheduled to have an EMG? Find out how this test is performed and when you can expect the results.
Febrile Seizures
Febrile seizures are full-body convulsions caused by high fevers that affect young kids. Although they can be frightening, they usually stop on their own and don't cause any other health problems.
Germs: Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, and Protozoa
Germs are the microscopic bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa that can cause disease.
Giving Opioid Prescription Pain Medicine: What Parents Need to Know
If your child’s health care provider prescribed a prescription pain medicine that contains an opioid, you probably have many questions about how to use it safely. Get answers here.
Hand Washing: Why It's So Important
Washing your hands well and often is the best way to keep from getting sick. Here's how to teach this all-important habit to your kids.
How to Take Your Child's Pulse
Need to check your child's heart rate? Follow our guide and check with your doctor if you have questions.
Is It a Cold, the Flu, or COVID-19?
Your child has a sore throat, cough, and a high fever. Is it COVID-19? Could it be the flu? Or just a cold? Here are tips on what to look for, and what to do.
Is My Child Too Sick to Go to School?
It can be hard to know if kids are well enough to go to school or childcare. Here are some guidelines.
Mumps
Mumps is a viral infection that causes telltale swelling and pain in the salivary glands. With the help of the mumps vaccine, it's preventable.
Soiling (Encopresis)
If your child has bowel movements in places other than the toilet, you know how frustrating it can be. Many kids who soil beyond the years of toilet teaching have a condition known as encopresis.
Spinal Tap (Lumbar Puncture)
Find out how and why doctors perform lumbar punctures (spinal taps).
Stool Tests
Your child's doctor may order a stool collection test to check for blood, bacteria, ova, or parasites. Find out how this test is performed and when you can expect the results.
Strep Test: Throat Culture
Is your child having a strep test or a throat culture? Find out how these swab tests are performed.
Talking to Your Child's Doctor
Building a relationship with your child's doctor requires communication and reasonable expectations.
Talking to the Pharmacist
If your child is sick, you'll probably have many questions to ask your doctor. But have you made a list of questions and concerns to share with your pharmacist?
Too Late for the Flu Vaccine?
It's best to get the flu vaccine early in flu season, so the body can make antibodies that protect it from the flu. But getting it later is better than not getting it at all.
Urine Tests
Is your child having a urine culture or urinalysis performed? Find out why urine tests are performed, and what to expect when the doctor orders them.
- Your Kid's Body
Your Kid's Body
3 Ways to Build Strong Bones
We build almost all our bone density when we're kids and teens. Kids with strong bones have a better chance of avoiding bone weakness later in life. Here's how parents can help.
Birthmarks
Birthmarks are marks on the skin that a baby can develop before birth or soon after. Most birthmarks are harmless and many even go away on their own or shrink over time.
Body Basics: The Heart (Slideshow)
Learn how this amazing muscle pumps blood throughout the body.
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Doctors use body mass index (BMI) measurements to assess a child's physical growth in relation to other kids the same age. Here's how to calculate BMI and understand what the numbers mean.
Common Questions About Immunizations
Immunizations have protected millions of children from potentially deadly diseases. Learn about immunizations and find out exactly what they do - and what they don't.
Fevers
Fevers happen when the body's internal "thermostat" raises the body temperature above normal. This is often the body's way of fighting infections.
Growth Charts
Doctors use growth charts to figure out whether kids' height and weight measurements are "normal" and whether they're developing on track. Here are some facts about growth charts.
Growth Plates
Growth plates are the areas of new bone growth, usually near the ends of long bones. A growth plate is weaker than solid bone. This makes it more likely to get injured.
Hemangiomas: Suzanne's Story
When Anna was born, she developed red spots that her parents learned were hemangiomas, benign birthmarks that she eventually outgrew. Her mother tells her story.
How to Take Your Child's Temperature
All kids get a fever from time to time. Here's how to take your child's temperature, safely and accurately.
Overweight and Obesity
Preventing kids from becoming overweight means making choices in the way your family eats and exercises, and how you spend time together.
Talking to the Pharmacist
If your child is sick, you'll probably have many questions to ask your doctor. But have you made a list of questions and concerns to share with your pharmacist?
Too Late for the Flu Vaccine?
It's best to get the flu vaccine early in flu season, so the body can make antibodies that protect it from the flu. But getting it later is better than not getting it at all.
What Is Collagen?
Collagen is a protein in the body that helps make bones strong.
Who Should Get the Flu Vaccine?
The flu vaccine is a good idea for all families. It does not cause the flu, and it helps keep kids and parents from getting sick.
Your Child's Changing Voice
Yesterday, your son sounded like he's always sounded - like a boy. But today, you heard that first crack in his voice. It's the larynx (or voice box) that's causing all that noise.
Your Child's Immunizations
Immunizations protect kids from many dangerous diseases. Find out what vaccines your child needs to grow up healthy.
Your Child's Immunizations: Chickenpox Vaccine
Find out when and why your child needs to get this vaccine.
Your Child's Immunizations: Diphtheria, Tetanus & Pertussis Vaccine (DTaP)
Find out when and why your child needs to get this vaccine.
Your Child's Immunizations: Hepatitis A Vaccine (HepA)
Find out when and why your child needs to get this vaccine.
Your Child's Immunizations: Hepatitis B Vaccine (HepB)
Find out when and why your child needs this vaccine.
Your Child's Immunizations: Hib Vaccine
Find out when and why your child needs to get this vaccine.
Your Child's Immunizations: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine
Find out when and why your child needs to get this vaccine.
Your Child's Immunizations: Influenza Vaccine (Flu Shot)
Find out when and why kids need to get the flu vaccine.
Your Child's Immunizations: Measles, Mumps & Rubella Vaccine (MMR)
Find out when and why your child needs to get this vaccine.
Your Child's Immunizations: Meningococcal Vaccines
Find out when and why your child needs to get this vaccine.
Your Child's Immunizations: Pneumococcal Vaccines (PCV, PPSV)
Find out when and why your child needs to get these vaccines.
Your Child's Immunizations: Polio Vaccine (IPV)
Find out when and why your child needs to get this vaccine.
Your Child's Immunizations: Rotavirus Vaccine
Find out when and why your child needs to get this vaccine.
- Your Kid's Eyes, Ears, Nose & Throat
Your Kid's Eyes, Ears, Nose & Throat
Amblyopia
Amblyopia interferes with the way the eye and the brain work together. The result is poor vision. Treatment may involve glasses, patches, eye drops, or surgery.
Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder (ANSD)
Some kids have hearing loss due to auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD), a problem in the transmission of sound from the inner ear to the brain.
Cochlear Implants
Cochlear implant can help many kids with severe hearing loss. Find out how they work and who can get them.
Corneal Abrasions
Corneal abrasions, which are common among kids, happen when something gets into the eye. Though sometimes painful, they're rarely serious and usually heal within a few days.
Coughing
Coughs are a common symptom, but most aren't a sign of a serious condition. Learn about different coughs, how to help your child feel better, and when to call your doctor.
Dealing With Earwax
Earwax helps protect the eardrum and fight infection. Parents shouldn't attempt to remove earwax at home, as doing so risks damage to the ear canal and, possibly, a child's hearing.
Ears
Hearing may be the ears' main job, but it's not all they do. Learn all about the ears in this Body Basics article.
Flying and Your Child's Ears
That weird ear-popping sensation is a normal part of air travel. Here's how to help equalize the air pressure in your child's ears to prevent or decrease ear pain.
Hearing Evaluation in Children
Hearing problems can be overcome if they're caught early, so it's important to get your child's hearing screened early and checked regularly.
How the Ears Work (Video)
The ears gather sounds from our environment and turn them into messages for the brain to decode. Learn more in this video about the ears.
Marfan Syndrome
Marfan syndrome affects the body's connective tissue and can cause problems in the eyes, joints, and heart. Even though the disease has no cure, doctors can successfully treat just about all of its symptoms.
Strabismus
Strabismus causes eyes to wander or cross. Treatment may include glasses, patches, eye drops, or surgery.
Surgery for Tear Duct Blockage
Blocked tear ducts are a fairly common problem in infants. Sometimes surgery is done to treat them.
TMJ Disorders
Kids with these jaw disorders often have difficulty chewing or talking due to problems with the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Symptoms can resolve on their own, or with treatment.
Vision Facts and Myths
Old wives' tales abound about the eyes. From watching TV to eating carrots, here's the lowdown on some vision facts and fiction.
Your Child's Vision
It's important for kids to have their eyes examined regularly, as many vision problems and eye diseases can be detected and treated early.
- Your Kid's Sleep
Your Kid's Sleep
All About Sleep
Getting enough sleep can be a problem for children of any age. Read this article to learn tips on bedtime schedules and routines for your child.
Bed-Sharing
Bed-sharing increases the risk of sleep-related deaths, including SIDS. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends room-sharing without bed-sharing for the safest sleep environment.
Bedwetting
Bedwetting is an issue that millions of families face every night. Most of the time it's not a sign of any deeper medical or emotional issues and kids eventually grow out of it.
Breastfeeding FAQs: Sleep - Yours and Your Baby's
Here are answers to some common questions about breastfed babies and sleep - from where they should snooze to when they'll finally start sleeping through the night.
Bruxism (Teeth Grinding or Clenching)
Gnashing and grinding teeth, called bruxism, is common in kids, and often happens during deep sleep or while a child is under stress.
Flat Head Syndrome (Positional Plagiocephaly)
Babies can develop a flat spot on the back of their heads, usually from sleeping in the same position too long. Alternating your baby's sleep position and providing lots of "tummy time" can help.
Helping Your Toddler Sleep (Video)
Many parents struggle to get their toddlers to sleep. Get advice on how you can encourage sleep and promote habits that last a lifetime.
How Can I Be Sure My Baby Stays on Her Back While She Sleeps?
Find out what the experts have to say.
Night Terrors
A night terror seems similar to a nightmare, but it's far more dramatic. Night terrors can be alarming, but aren't usually cause for concern or a sign of a medical issue.
Nightmares
Nightmares aren't totally preventable, but parents can help kids feel better when they have one and ease their transition back to sleep.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Brief pauses in breathing during sleep can be normal. But when breathing stops often or for longer periods, it can be a cause for concern.
Sleep Problems in Teens
Does your teen have trouble falling asleep at night? Is he or she sleepy during the day? Find out if it's just a normal part of adolescence, or if something else is to blame.
Sleep and Your 1- to 2-Year-Old
Nighttime feedings may be a thing of the past, but in this second year of life your tot might be rising for other reasons. Learn more.
Sleep and Your 1- to 3-Month-Old
At this age, babies generally have their days and nights straightened out. Many infants even "sleep through the night," which means 5 or 6 hours at a time.
Sleep and Your 4- to 7-Month-Old
By this age, your baby should be on the way to having a regular sleep pattern, sleeping longer at night, and taking 2 or 3 naps during the day.
Sleep and Your 8- to 12-Month-Old
Sleep problems are common in the second half of a baby's first year. It's best to respond to your baby's needs with the right balance of concern and consistency.
Sleep and Your Newborn
Newborn babies don’t yet have a sense of day and night. They wake often to eat – no matter what time it is.
Sleep and Your Preschooler
Preschoolers sleep about 11 to 12 hours during each 24-hour period, and it's important to help them develop good habits for getting to sleep.
Sleepwalking
Although it can be unnerving to see, sleepwalking is actually very common in kids. Here's how to keep your young sleepwalker safe.
- Your Kid's Teeth
Your Kid's Teeth
Bruxism (Teeth Grinding or Clenching)
Gnashing and grinding teeth, called bruxism, is common in kids, and often happens during deep sleep or while a child is under stress.
Caring for Your Child's Teeth (Video)
Good oral health starts even before your child's first tooth comes in. Learn how to instill good habits that will last a lifetime.
Fluoride and Water
Keeping kids' teeth healthy requires more than just daily brushing. Learn about fluoride, a substance found naturally in water that plays an important role in healthy teeth.
Keeping Your Child's Teeth Healthy
Here are the basics about how to care for your child's teeth - and when.
TMJ Disorders
Kids with these jaw disorders often have difficulty chewing or talking due to problems with the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Symptoms can resolve on their own, or with treatment.
Teething Tots
Teething can be a tough time for babies and parents. Here are the facts on teething, including tips for baby teeth hygiene and relieving pain.
The Basics of Braces
Does your child need braces? Find out when braces are necessary, what's involved in caring for them, and how to find low-cost orthodontic care in your area.
- Aches, Pains & Injuries
- Growth & Development
Growth & Development
- Communication
Communication
Bilingual Families
In some countries, it's common for kids to learn two or more languages at a time and to use them daily to communicate and understand people around them.
Communication and Your 1- to 2-Year-Old
Your toddler is probably saying a few first words now, but you may not be able to understand them all. Learn about how your child is communicating.
Communication and Your 1- to 3-Month-Old
Your baby is learning to communicate through facial expressions like smiling or frowning as well as crying, squealing, babbling, and laughing. And those sounds are early attempts to speak!
Communication and Your 13- to 18-Year-Old
Teens spend much of the day outside the home, but it's important that you take time every day to talk with your teen to share opinions, ideas, and information.
Communication and Your 2- to 3-Year-Old
Communicating with a child is one of the most pleasurable and rewarding experiences for both parent and child. Learn how to connect with your 2- to 3-year-old.
Communication and Your 4- to 5-Year-Old
Communicating with our kids is one of the most pleasurable and rewarding parts of parenting. Learn how to connect with your 4- to 5-year-old.
Communication and Your 4- to 7-Month-Old
Your baby's range of sounds and facial expressions continues to grow, and your baby is also imitating sounds, which are the first attempts at speaking.
Communication and Your 6- to 12-Year-Old
Communicating with a child is one of the most pleasurable and rewarding experiences for both parent and child. Learn how to connect with your 6- to 12-year-old.
Communication and Your 8- to 12-Month-Old
Babies this age might be about to say their first words, and communicate using body language. Read more about communicating with your baby.
Communication and Your Newborn
From birth, your newborn has been communicating with you. Crying may seem like a foreign language, but soon you'll know what your baby needs - a diaper change, a feeding, or your touch.
Delayed Speech or Language Development
Knowing what's "normal" and what's not in speech and language development can help you figure out if you should be concerned or if your child is right on schedule.
Does My Toddler Have a Language Delay?
Find out what the experts have to say.
Managing Your Toddler's Behavior (Video)
Learn how to encourage good behavior, handle tantrums, and keep your cool when parenting your toddler.
- Feeding & Eating
Feeding & Eating
3 Ways to Build Strong Bones
We build almost all our bone density when we're kids and teens. Kids with strong bones have a better chance of avoiding bone weakness later in life. Here's how parents can help.
Binge Eating Disorder
Kids who eat unusually large amounts of food - and feel guilty or secretive about it - could be struggling with binge eating disorder.
Breastfeeding FAQs: Getting Started
Here are answers to common questions about getting started with breastfeeding.
Breastfeeding FAQs: How Much and How Often
Here's info about how often to breastfeed your baby, how long it takes to nurse, and much more.
Breastfeeding FAQs: Out and About
Here are answers to some common questions about going out in public as a breastfeeding mom - from how to do it discreetly to taming sneaky leaks.
Breastfeeding FAQs: Pain and Discomfort
Here are answers to some common questions about preventing and reducing breastfeeding discomfort, such as nipple and breast pain.
Breastfeeding FAQs: Pumping
Here are answers to some common questions about pumping your breast milk - from buying a pump to making the process a little easier.
Breastfeeding FAQs: Safely Storing Breast Milk
Here are answers to some common questions about how to keep breast milk and how to clean and sterilize supplies, from bottles to nipples to breast pump parts.
Breastfeeding FAQs: Sleep - Yours and Your Baby's
Here are answers to some common questions about breastfed babies and sleep - from where they should snooze to when they'll finally start sleeping through the night.
Breastfeeding FAQs: Solids and Supplementing
Here are answers to some common supplemental feeding questions - from when to introduce solids to offering breastfed babies formula.
Breastfeeding FAQs: Some Common Concerns
Here are answers to some questions about common breastfeeding concerns - from biting to spitting up.
Breastfeeding FAQs: Supply and Demand
Here are answers to some common questions about your milk supply - from having too much to having too little.
Breastfeeding FAQs: Your Eating and Drinking Habits
Here are answers to some common questions about what breastfeeding mothers should and shouldn't eat and drink.
Breastfeeding vs. Formula Feeding
Making a decision to breastfeed or formula feed your baby is a personal one. There are some points to consider to help you decide which option is best for you and your baby.
Caffeine
Caffeine is in many foods and drinks, but it's wise to keep caffeine consumption to a minimum, especially in younger kids. Here's why.
Calcium
Milk and other calcium-rich foods help build strong, healthy bones. But most kids and teens don't get enough calcium. Here's how to make sure that yours do.
Carbohydrates and Sugar
Carbs are the body's most important and readily available source of energy. The key is to eat healthy ones, like whole grains, and avoid foods with added sugar.
Egg Allergy
Helping your child manage an egg allergy means reading food labels carefully, being aware of what he or she eats, and carrying the right medicines in case of an allergic reaction.
Fats
Some fats are good for kids and an important part of a healthy diet. Here's what parents should know.
Feeding Your 1- to 2-Year-Old
Toddlers have little tummies, so serve foods that are packed with the nutrients they need to grow healthy and strong, and limit the sweets and empty calories.
Feeding Your 1- to 3-Month-Old
Whether you've chosen to breastfeed or bottle-feed your baby, your infant will let you know when it's time to eat.
Feeding Your 4- to 7-Month-Old
Is your baby is ready for solid foods? Learn how and when to get started.
Feeding Your 8- to 12-Month-Old
At this age, babies start to explore table foods.
Feeding Your Family on a Tight Budget
Everyone needs enough healthy food, but many people can't get it all the time. Here are programs that can help.
Feeding Your Newborn
These guidelines on breastfeeding and bottle feeding can help you know what's right for you and your baby.
Fiber
Many appetizing foods are also good sources of fiber - from fruits to whole-grain cereals. Here are ways to help kids get more fiber in their everyday diets.
Fluoride and Water
Keeping kids' teeth healthy requires more than just daily brushing. Learn about fluoride, a substance found naturally in water that plays an important role in healthy teeth.
Food Allergies
Food allergies can cause serious and even deadly reactions in kids, so it's important to know how to feed a child with food allergies and to prevent reactions.
Formula Feeding FAQs: Getting Started
Shopping for formula-feeding supplies can be daunting. Here are answers to some common questions about formula feeding.
Formula Feeding FAQs: How Much and How Often
Get answers to some common formula-feeding inquiries, from how much newborns eat to what their diapers might look like.
Formula Feeding FAQs: Preparation and Storage
Check out these formula-feeding bottle basics, from how to mix bottles to how to store them safely.
Formula Feeding FAQs: Some Common Concerns
Read about how to manage common formula-feeding concerns, from spitting up and fussiness to gas and milk allergies.
Formula Feeding FAQs: Starting Solids and Milk
Find answers to common inquiries about introducing solids and whole milk to formula-fed babies.
Iron
Iron is an important ingredient needed to make hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying part of every red blood cell.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common intestinal problem that can cause cramps, gas, bloating, diarrhea, and constipation. Certain foods can trigger these problems. So can anxiety, stress, and infections.
Nut and Peanut Allergy
If your child is allergic to nuts or peanuts, it's essential to learn what foods might contain them and how to avoid them.
Nutrition Guide for Toddlers
While growth slows somewhat during the toddler years, it's a new era where kids will eat and drink more independently.
Weaning Your Child
Weaning is when children make the transition from breast milk to other sources of nourishment. Here's how to make this change easier on you and your child.
- Growing Up
Growing Up
A Parent's Guide to Surviving the Teen Years
You've lived through 2 AM feedings, toddler temper tantrums, and the back-to-school blues. So why is the word "teenager" causing you so much anxiety?
Breath-Holding Spells
Kids who have these spells hold their breath until they pass out. Although upsetting to watch, the spells are not harmful and do not pose any serious, long-term health risks.
Colic
Colic is common in babies - but that doesn't make it easier for parents to handle. Learn what colic is, what causes it, and what you can do about it.
Disciplining Your Toddler
Reeling in your active little one can be tough. But setting limits now helps prevent bigger problems down the road.
Helping Your Teen Decide What to Do After High School
Helping to prepare your teen for life after high school is one of the most important tasks you will have as a parent.
Managing Your Toddler's Behavior (Video)
Learn how to encourage good behavior, handle tantrums, and keep your cool when parenting your toddler.
PMS, Cramps, and Irregular Periods
Most period problems are common and normal. But some might be a sign that there's something else going on.
Potty Training Your Child (Video)
Get tips and advice on helping your child make the switch from diapers to big-kid underwear — for good!
Signing Kids Up for Sports
Organized sports can help kids grow in many ways. Consider your child's age, personality, and abilities to help make sports fun.
Talking to Your Child About Periods
Kids reaching puberty should already know what's going to happen to their bodies. Here are some tips for talking to your daughter about menstruation.
Talking to Your Child About Puberty
Talking to kids about puberty is an important job for parents, especially because kids often hear about sex and relationships from unreliable sources. Here are some tips.
Teething Tots
Teething can be a tough time for babies and parents. Here are the facts on teething, including tips for baby teeth hygiene and relieving pain.
Understanding Puberty
Puberty was awkward enough when you were the one going through it. So how can you help your kids through all the changes?
When Your Baby’s Born Premature
Premature infants, known as preemies, come into the world earlier than full-term infants. They have many special needs that make their care different from other babies.
Your Child's Changing Voice
Yesterday, your son sounded like he's always sounded - like a boy. But today, you heard that first crack in his voice. It's the larynx (or voice box) that's causing all that noise.
Your Child's Growth
From the moment parents greet their newborn, they watch the baby's progress eagerly. But how can they tell if their child is growing properly?
- Growth
Growth
A to Z: Failure to Thrive
Failure to thrive refers to a child's inability to gain weight and grow as expected for kids of the same age and gender. Most diagnoses are made in the first few years of life.
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Doctors use body mass index (BMI) measurements to assess a child's physical growth in relation to other kids the same age. Here's how to calculate BMI and understand what the numbers mean.
Delayed Puberty
Puberty usually begins in girls 8-14, and in boys 9-15. If kids pass this normal age range without showing any signs of body changes, it's called delayed puberty.
Dwarfism
Dwarfism is characterized by short stature. Many of the possible complications of dwarfism are treatable, and people of short stature lead healthy, active lives.
Failure to Thrive
Most kids grow well but some have ”failure to thrive.” This means they don't gain weight as expected and may not grow as tall as they should.
Growing Pains
Does your child sometimes wake up crying in the middle of the night complaining of throbbing leg pain? It could be growing pains.
Growth Charts
Doctors use growth charts to figure out whether kids' height and weight measurements are "normal" and whether they're developing on track. Here are some facts about growth charts.
Growth and Your 1- to 2-Year-Old
You're in for a year of changes! Midway through this year, most babies are walking and starting to lose that "baby" look.
Growth and Your 13- to 18-Year-Old
Kids entering puberty will undergo many changes in their developing bodies. Find out more about what to expect.
Growth and Your 2- to 3-Year-Old
During the third year of life, toddlers are extremely active and mobile, and are learning in very physical ways.
Growth and Your 4- to 5-Year-Old
Kids who are 4 to 5 years old continue to learn in a very physical way, but are more focused than when they were younger.
Growth and Your 6- to 12-Year-Old
As kids grow from grade-schoolers to preteens, there continues to be a wide range of "normal" as far as height, weight, and shape.
Your Baby's Growth: 1 Month
Put away those newborn clothes. This month your baby will grow at a surprising rate!
Your Baby's Growth: 10 Months
Your baby continues to grow quickly. All this activity and the foods your baby eats affect growth and weight.
Your Baby's Growth: 11 Months
Your baby continues to grow quickly. All this activity and the foods your baby eats affect growth and weight.
Your Baby's Growth: 12 Months
Your baby is almost a toddler! Here's what to expect with your little one's growth and weight this month.
Your Baby's Growth: 2 Months
Your baby continues to grow at a rapid pace. Here's what to expect this month.
Your Baby's Growth: 3 Months
This month, your baby will continue to grow quickly. Find out what to expect.
Your Baby's Growth: 4 Months
Your baby is growing in many ways. Here's what to expect this month.
Your Baby's Growth: 5 Months
Babies this age are growing in many ways. Here's what to expect this month.
Your Baby's Growth: 6 Months
Babies this age are growing in many ways. Here's what to expect this month.
Your Baby's Growth: 7 Months
Your baby continues to grow in many ways. Here's what to expect this month.
Your Baby's Growth: 8 Months
Your baby is growing by leaps and bounds, and may even be crawling or cruising. Here's what to expect this month.
Your Baby's Growth: 9 Months
Your baby is growing by leaps and bounds. Here's what to expect this month.
Your Child's Development (Birth to 3 Years)
Doctors use milestones to tell if a child is developing as expected. There's a wide range of what's considered normal, so some kids gain skills earlier or later than others. Here's what to expect as your child grows.
Your Child's Development: 1.5 Years (18 Months)
Doctors use milestones to tell if a child is developing as expected. Here are some things your toddler may be doing this month.
Your Child's Development: 15 Months
Doctors use certain milestones to tell if a child is developing as expected. Here are some things your toddler may be doing this month.
Your Child's Development: 2 Months
Doctors use certain milestones to tell if a baby is developing as expected. Here's what your baby may do this month.
Your Child's Development: 6 Months
Doctors use milestones to tell if a baby is developing as expected. Here are some things your baby might be doing this month.
Your Child's Development: 9 Months
Doctors use certain milestones to tell if a baby is developing as expected. Here are some things your baby might be doing this month.
Your Child's Development: Newborn
Doctors use milestones to tell if a baby is developing as expected. Here are some things your baby may be doing this month.
Your Child’s Development: 1 Month
Doctors use milestones to tell if a baby is developing as expected. Here are some things your baby may be doing this month.
Your Child’s Development: 1 Year (12 Months)
Doctors use milestones to tell if a toddler is developing as expected. Here are some things your little one might be doing this month.
Your Child’s Development: 2 Years (24 Months)
Doctors use certain milestones to tell if a child is developing as expected. Here are some things your toddler may be doing this month.
Your Child’s Development: 2.5 Years (30 Months)
Doctors use certain milestones to tell if a child is developing as expected. Here are some things your toddler may be doing this month.
Your Child’s Development: 3 Years
Doctors use certain milestones to tell if a child is developing as expected. Here are some things your toddler may be doing.
Your Child’s Development: 3-5 Days
Doctors use certain milestones to tell if a baby is developing as expected. Here are some things your baby may be doing.
Your Child’s Development: 4 Months
Doctors use certain milestones to tell if a baby is developing as expected. Here are some things your baby might be doing this month.
Your Newborn's Growth
A newborn's growth and development is measured from the moment of birth. Find out if your baby's size is normal, and what to expect as your baby grows.
- Learning & Play
Learning & Play
10 Ways to Help Your Child Succeed in Elementary School
Kids do better in school when parents are involved in their academic lives. These early years of schooling are an important time for parents to be informed and supportive about their child's education.
10 Ways to Help Your Child Succeed in Middle School
As students grow more independent during middle school, it can be challenging for parents to know how to stay involved. Here are 10 tips.
10 Ways to Help Your Teen Succeed in High School
Even though teens are seeking independence, parental involvement is still an important ingredient for academic achievement.
Choosing Safe Toys
Toys are a fun and important part of any child's development. And there's plenty you can do to make sure all toys are safe.
Choosing Safe Toys for School-Age Kids
Is your 10-year-old crying for a pellet gun? How about that used scooter? For help figuring out what toys are safe and appropriate for older kids, read these tips.
Choosing Safe Toys for Toddlers and Preschoolers
How can you tell if a small toy poses a choking risk? What types of unsafe toys should you avoid for your baby, toddler, or preschooler? Find out here.
Cooking With Preschoolers
It may take a little flexibility and prep work, but time in the kitchen with your preschooler can be a culinary adventure you'll both enjoy.
Encouraging Your Child's Sense of Humor
Laughing together is a way of connecting, but a good sense of humor also can make kids healthier and better able to cope with challenges.
Gifted Education
About 6% of all U.S. K-12 students are considered academically gifted. Here are some ways to tell the difference between bright students and gifted students.
Help Your Child Get Organized
Most kids generate a little chaos and disorganization. But if you'd like yours to be more organized and to stay focused on tasks, such as homework, here are 3 steps that make it possible.
Individualized Education Programs (IEPs)
Some kids may be eligible for individualized education programs in public schools, free of charge. Understanding how to access these services can help you be an effective advocate for your child.
Learning, Play, and Your 8- to 12-Month-Old
Your baby is learning more about the world through play and is beginning to use words. Keep those toys and games coming!
Learning, Play, and Your 1- to 2-Year-Old
Kids go from babies to toddlers during this time, from first steps to walking well. They also make major strides in language and communication.
Learning, Play, and Your 1- to 3-Month-Old
After learning to recognize your voice, your face, and your touch, your baby will start responding more to you during these months and even give you a smile!
Learning, Play, and Your 4- to 7-Month-Old
Your infant will learn to sit during this time, and in the next few months will begin exploring by reaching out for objects, grasping and inspecting them.
Learning, Play, and Your Newborn
Play is the primary way that infants learn how to move, communicate, socialize, and understand their surroundings. And during the first month of life, your baby will learn by interacting with you.
Managing Your Toddler's Behavior (Video)
Learn how to encourage good behavior, handle tantrums, and keep your cool when parenting your toddler.
Rainy Day Fun
Looking for ways to keep the kids entertained and off the couch when the weather's bad? These quick-and-easy ideas will keep them happy and busy.
Reading Books to Babies
Reading aloud to your baby stimulates developing senses, and builds listening and memory skills that can help your baby grow up to be a reader.
Safe Exploring for Preschoolers
Kids ages 3-5 have tons of energy and are eager to walk, run, dance, and play. It's a great age for exploration too.
Safe Exploring for Toddlers
Toddlers are learning to talk, to walk and run, and to assert their independence. For many in this age group, "outside" and "play" are common requests.
School-Age Readers
From kindergarten through third grade, kids' ability to read will grow by leaps and bounds. Although teachers provide lots of help, parents continue to play a role in a child's reading life.
Smart Toys for Every Age
An age-wise guide on play and the toys that encourage learning, promote motor skill development, and spark imagination.
Story Time for Preschoolers
Reading aloud to your preschooler is a great way to encourage learning development and to help prepare your child for independent reading down the line.
The Magic of Play: How It Inspires & Aids Early Development
Learn why play is so important during the preschool years, and what you can do to foster your child's imagination.
Toddler Reading Time
Reading to toddlers lays the foundation for their independent reading later on. Here are some tips.
Toddlers: Learning by Playing
It might look like just child's play, but toddlers are hard at work learning important physical skills as they gain muscle control, balance, and coordination.
- Medical Care
Medical Care
Going to the Emergency Room
Knowing what to expect when you need to take your child to the emergency room can help make it a little less stressful.
How Can I Comfort My Baby During Shots?
Find out what the experts have to say.
Immunization Schedule
Which vaccines does your child need and when? Use this immunization schedule as a handy reference.
Medical Care and Your 1- to 2-Year-Old
The toddler months might continue to bring colds, bruises, and other minor emergencies, but you'll also find yourself dealing with your toddler's emerging independence.
Medical Care and Your 1- to 3-Month-Old
You probably have lots of questions about your baby's health. When should you call the doctor, and what medical care should you expect for your baby at this age?
Medical Care and Your 13- to 18-Year-Old
Regular visits help your teen's doctor keep track of changes in physical, mental, and social development. The doctor can also help your teen understand the importance of choosing a healthy lifestyle.
Medical Care and Your 2- to 3-Year-Old
Regular well-child exams are essential to keeping kids healthy and up-to-date with immunizations against dangerous diseases. Here's what to expect at the doctor's office.
Medical Care and Your 4- to 5-Year-Old
Regular well-child exams are an important part of keeping kids healthy and up to date on immunizations against serious diseases. Find out what to expect at the doctor's office.
Medical Care and Your 4- to 7-Month-Old
Because your baby begins to show his or her personality during these months, your questions may move from simple sleeping and eating concerns to those about physical and social development.
Medical Care and Your 6- to 12-Year-Old
Regular well-child exams are essential to keep kids healthy and up-to-date with immunizations. Find out what to expect at the doctor's office.
Medical Care and Your 8- to 12-Month-Old
As your baby becomes more independent, you may have questions about how to prevent bumps and bruises. Here are some other topics you'll cover with your doctor.
Medical Care and Your Newborn
By the time you hold your new baby for the first time, you've probably chosen your little one's doctor. Learn about your newborn's medical care.
Occupational Therapy
Occupational therapy can help improve kids' cognitive, physical, and motor skills and build their self-esteem and sense of accomplishment.
Physical Therapy
Doctors often recommend physical therapy for kids who have been injured or have movement problems from an illness, disease, or disability. Learn more about PT.
School-Based Health Centers
School-based health centers provide a range of services to meet kids' and teens' health care needs. Centers usually are inside a school building or right next door.
Speech-Language Therapy
Working with a certified speech-language pathologist can help a child with speech or language difficulties.
Talking to Your Child's Doctor
Building a relationship with your child's doctor requires communication and reasonable expectations.
Teaching Your Child How to Swallow Pills
Swallowing a pill is something that many of us take for granted. But just like any skill, learning to swallow a pill takes practice.
What's a Primary Care Physician (PCP)?
PCPs are health care providers that offer routine checkups, vaccines, and non-emergency medical care. Learn more about PCPs and how to choose a great one.
When and Where to Get Medical Care
Should you head to the ER when your child is hurt or ill? What about an urgent care center? Different problems need different levels of care, and you have many options.
Wound Healing and Care
How well a wound heals depends on where it is on the body and what caused it. Good home care is an important part of healing.
Your Child's Checkup: 1 Month
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your baby might be doing by the first month.
Your Child's Checkup: 1 Year (12 Months)
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your baby might be doing by the first birthday.
Your Child's Checkup: 1.5 Years (18 Months)
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your toddler might be doing by 18 months.
Your Child's Checkup: 10 Years
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your child might be doing by age 10.
Your Child's Checkup: 11 Years
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve when your child is 11.
Your Child's Checkup: 12 Years
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve when your child is 12.
Your Child's Checkup: 13 Years
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve when your teen is 13.
Your Child's Checkup: 14 Years
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve when your teen is 14.
Your Child's Checkup: 15 Months
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your toddler might be doing by 15 months.
Your Child's Checkup: 15 Years
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve when your son or daughter is 15.
Your Child's Checkup: 16 Years
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve when your son or daughter is 16.
Your Child's Checkup: 17 Years
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve when your son or daughter is 17.
Your Child's Checkup: 18 Years
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve when your son or daughter is 18.
Your Child's Checkup: 19 Years
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve when your son or daughter is 19.
Your Child's Checkup: 2 Months
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your baby might be doing by the second month.
Your Child's Checkup: 2 Years (24 Months)
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your child might be doing by the second year.
Your Child's Checkup: 2.5 Years (30 Months)
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your toddler might be doing at this age.
Your Child's Checkup: 20 Years
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve when your son or daughter is 20.
Your Child's Checkup: 21 Years
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve when your son or daughter is 21.
Your Child's Checkup: 3 Years
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your child might be doing by the third year.
Your Child's Checkup: 3 to 5 Days
Find out what this doctor's checkup will involve a few days after your baby is born.
Your Child's Checkup: 4 Months
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your baby might be doing by the fourth month.
Your Child's Checkup: 4 Years
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your child might be doing by the fourth year.
Your Child's Checkup: 5 Years
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your child might be doing by the fifth year.
Your Child's Checkup: 6 Months
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your baby might be doing by 6 months.
Your Child's Checkup: 6 Years
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your child might be doing by the sixth year.
Your Child's Checkup: 7 Years
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your child might be doing by the seventh year.
Your Child's Checkup: 8 Years
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your child might be doing by the eighth year.
Your Child's Checkup: 9 Months
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your baby might be doing by 9 months old.
Your Child's Checkup: 9 Years
Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your child might be doing by the ninth year.
Your Child's Checkup: Newborn
Find out what this doctor's checkup will involve after your baby arrives.
Your Child's Checkups
These age-specific guides can help you be prepared for and keep track of your well-child visits.
Your Daughter's First Gynecology Visit
The idea of going to the gynecologist may make your daughter feel nervous. Here's how to make her feel more comfortable about a well-woman visit.
- Movement
Movement
In-toeing & Out-toeing in Toddlers
What is in-toeing and how will it affect your child? Find out what the experts have to say.
Movement, Coordination, and Your 1- to 2-Year-Old
Most toddlers this age are walking and gaining even more control over their hands and fingers. Give your child lots of fun (and safe) things to do to encourage this development.
Movement, Coordination, and Your 1- to 3-Month-Old
The reflexes they had just after birth start to disappear as babies this age gain more control over movements and interact more with their environment.
Movement, Coordination, and Your 4- to 7-Month-Old
At this age, kids are learning to roll over, reach out to get what they want, and sit up. Provide a safe place to practice moving and lots of interesting objects to reach for.
Movement, Coordination, and Your 8- to 12-Month-Old
From scooting to crawling to cruising, during these months, babies are learning how to get around.
Movement, Coordination, and Your Newborn
It may seem like all babies do is sleep, eat, and cry, but their little bodies are making many movements, some of which are reflexes.
Tummy Time
Tummy time helps babies strengthen their neck and shoulder muscles and prepare them for crawling. Here's how to do it.
- Senses
Senses
Your Baby's Hearing, Vision, and Other Senses: 1 Month
Your baby is experiencing the first sights, sounds, and smells of the world through all five senses. What are your baby's responses to light, noise, touch, and familiar faces?
Your Baby's Hearing, Vision, and Other Senses: 10 Months
Here's how you can stimulate your baby's senses and provide a safe environment for exploration.
Your Baby's Hearing, Vision, and Other Senses: 11 Months
Here's how you can stimulate your baby's senses and provide a safe environment for exploration.
Your Baby's Hearing, Vision, and Other Senses: 12 Months
Here's how you can stimulate your baby's senses and provide a safe environment for exploration.
Your Baby's Hearing, Vision, and Other Senses: 2 Months
Your baby experiences sights, sounds, and smells with the five senses. Here's what your baby is experiencing at 2 months.
Your Baby's Hearing, Vision, and Other Senses: 3 Months
Your baby experiences sights, sounds, and smells with the five senses. Here's what your baby is experiencing at 3 months.
Your Baby's Hearing, Vision, and Other Senses: 4 Months
Your baby is working on all five senses, understanding and anticipating more and more. How can you stimulate your baby's senses?
Your Baby's Hearing, Vision, and Other Senses: 5 Months
Your baby is working on all five senses, understanding and anticipating more and more. How can you stimulate your baby's senses?
Your Baby's Hearing, Vision, and Other Senses: 6 Months
Your baby is working on all five senses, understanding and anticipating more and more. How can you stimulate your baby's senses?
Your Baby's Hearing, Vision, and Other Senses: 7 Months
The senses help your baby learn about the world. Here's what your baby is experiencing at 7 months.
Your Baby's Hearing, Vision, and Other Senses: 8 Months
Here's how you can stimulate your baby's senses and provide a safe environment for exploration.
Your Baby's Hearing, Vision, and Other Senses: 9 Months
Here's how you can stimulate your baby's senses and provide a safe environment for exploration.
Your Newborn's Hearing, Vision, and Other Senses
Your newborn is taking in first sights, sounds, and smells while learning to explore the world through the senses. What are your baby's responses to light, noise, and touch?
- Sexual Development
Sexual Development
About Abstinence
Abstinence is the only form of birth control that is 100% effective in preventing pregnancy. Abstinence also protects people against STDs.
About Birth Control: What Parents Need to Know
Talking to your kids about sex can be a challenge. But discussing issues like birth control can help lower teens' risk of unintended pregnancy or getting an STD.
About Condoms
Condoms are thin pouches that keep sperm from getting into the vagina. There are male condoms and female condoms.
About Emergency Contraception
Emergency contraception is a way to prevent pregnancy after unprotected sex; for example, if a condom breaks or slips off during sex.
About Implantable Contraception
Read this article to learn what implantable contraception is, how well it works, and more.
About Spermicide
Spermicides can be used alone but are more effective when used with another method of birth control, such as a condom or diaphragm.
About Withdrawal
Even for people who think they are doing it correctly, withdrawal is not an effective way to prevent pregnancy.
About the Birth Control Patch
Find out about this method of birth control, including how well it works and possible side effects.
About the Birth Control Pill
Discussing issues like abstinence, STDs, and birth control can help lower teens' risk of unintended pregnancy or getting an STD. The birth control pill (also called "the Pill") is a daily pill that is taken to prevent pregnancy.
About the Birth Control Ring
Talking to your kids about sex can be daunting. But discussing issues like abstinence, STDs, and birth control can help lower teens' risk of unintended pregnancy or contracting an STD.
About the Cervical Cap
The cervical cap covers the cervix so sperm can't get in and fertilize an egg. It's not usually recommended for most young women and teens because it can be very hard to insert correctly.
About the Diaphragm
A diaphragm may be a birth control good option for young women who can take responsibility in advance. Find out more.
About the IUD
An IUD is a piece of T-shaped plastic placed inside the uterus. It's a good birth control option because it lasts for many years, needs no daily care, and is very effective at preventing pregnancy.
Delayed Puberty
Puberty usually begins in girls 8-14, and in boys 9-15. If kids pass this normal age range without showing any signs of body changes, it's called delayed puberty.
Fertility Awareness
Fertility awareness is a way to try to prevent pregnancy by not having sex around the time of ovulation. It is not a reliable birth control method for most people.
Sexual Development
Big physical and emotional changes happen during puberty and the teen years. These articles can help you become a source of information, comfort, and support for your kids.
Sexual Orientation
During the teen years, sexual feelings are awakened in new ways because of the hormonal and physical changes of puberty. It takes time for many kids to understand who they are and who they're becoming. Part of that understanding includes a person's sexual feelings and attractions.
Should Girls Who Aren't Sexually Active Be Vaccinated Against HPV?
Find out what the experts have to say.
Talking to Your Kids About STDs
Your kids need to understand how STDs spread and how to protect themselves. Here's how to talk to them about sexually transmitted diseases.
The Birth Control Shot
The birth control shot is an injection given to a girl every 3 months to help prevent pregnancy. Find out more.
When Should My Daughter First Go to the Gynecologist?
Find out what the experts say.
- Sleep
Sleep
All About Sleep
Getting enough sleep can be a problem for children of any age. Read this article to learn tips on bedtime schedules and routines for your child.
Flat Head Syndrome (Positional Plagiocephaly)
Babies can develop a flat spot on the back of their heads, usually from sleeping in the same position too long. Alternating your baby's sleep position and providing lots of "tummy time" can help.
Naps
A good nap can keep kids from becoming overtired, which not only takes a toll on their moods but might make it harder for them to fall asleep at night.
Night Terrors
A night terror seems similar to a nightmare, but it's far more dramatic. Night terrors can be alarming, but aren't usually cause for concern or a sign of a medical issue.
Nightmares
Nightmares aren't totally preventable, but parents can help kids feel better when they have one and ease their transition back to sleep.
Sleep Problems in Teens
Does your teen have trouble falling asleep at night? Is he or she sleepy during the day? Find out if it's just a normal part of adolescence, or if something else is to blame.
Sleep and Your 1- to 2-Year-Old
Nighttime feedings may be a thing of the past, but in this second year of life your tot might be rising for other reasons. Learn more.
Sleep and Your 1- to 3-Month-Old
At this age, babies generally have their days and nights straightened out. Many infants even "sleep through the night," which means 5 or 6 hours at a time.
Sleep and Your 4- to 7-Month-Old
By this age, your baby should be on the way to having a regular sleep pattern, sleeping longer at night, and taking 2 or 3 naps during the day.
Sleep and Your 8- to 12-Month-Old
Sleep problems are common in the second half of a baby's first year. It's best to respond to your baby's needs with the right balance of concern and consistency.
Sleep and Your Newborn
Newborn babies don’t yet have a sense of day and night. They wake often to eat – no matter what time it is.
Sleep and Your Preschooler
Preschoolers sleep about 11 to 12 hours during each 24-hour period, and it's important to help them develop good habits for getting to sleep.
Sleepwalking
Although it can be unnerving to see, sleepwalking is actually very common in kids. Here's how to keep your young sleepwalker safe.
- Communication
- Heart Health Content List
Heart Health Content List
- Caring for Your Child
Caring for Your Child
504 Education Plans
If your child has special needs in the classroom, he or she may be eligible for a government-supported learning plan.
Balancing Academics and Serious Illness
When your child has a serious or chronic illness, it's hard to think beyond the next treatment. But with planning and communication, you can help your child balance treatment and academics.
Basic Blood Chemistry Tests
Doctors order basic blood chemistry tests to assess a wide range of conditions and the function of organs.
Blood Glucose Record
If your child has diabetes, you can use this printable sheet to record his or her blood glucose levels.
Blood Test: Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT, or SGPT)
An alanine aminotransferase (ALT) blood test is often part of an initial screening for liver disease.
Blood Test: Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST, or SGOT)
An aspartate aminotransferase (AST) blood test is often part of an initial screening for liver problems.
Blood Test: Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP)
A basic metabolic panel (BMP), commonly ordered as part of routine medical exam, is a set of blood tests that gives information about sugar (glucose) and calcium levels, kidney function, and electrolyte and fluid balance.
Blood Test: Bilirubin
Doctors may order bilirubin blood tests for infants or older kids if they see signs of the skin taking on the yellow discoloration known as jaundice.
Blood Test: C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
A C-reactive protein (CRP) blood test is used to identify inflammation or infection in the body.
Blood Test: Complete Blood Count
The complete blood count (CBC) is the most common blood test. It analyzes red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Blood Test: Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP)
A comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) blood test helps evaluate kidney and liver function, sugar (glucose) and protein levels in the blood, and electrolyte and fluid balance.
Blood Test: Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
An erythrocyte sedimentation rate test (ESR) detects inflammation that may be caused by infection and some autoimmune diseases.
Blood Test: Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGT)
Testing for GGT helps doctors look for problems with the liver or bile ducts.
Blood Test: Glucose
The blood glucose test, which measures the amount of sugar in the blood, may be done as part of a routine physical or to help diagnose diabetes.
Blood Test: Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells. A hemoglobin test can be done as part of a routine checkup to screen for problems and or because a child isn't feeling well.
Blood Test: Hepatic (Liver) Function Panel
Liver function tests can help doctors see if the liver has been damaged. They also can help diagnose infections and monitor medications that can cause liver-related side effects.
Blood Test: Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)
Lactate dehydrogenase (also called lactic acid dehydrogenase, or LDH) is an enzyme found in almost all body tissues. The LDH test is generally used to screen for tissue damage.
Blood Test: Magnesium
Doctors do this test to assess blood levels of magnesium, which helps the muscles and nerves function, the heart maintain normal rhythm, the bones stay strong, and the body process energy and make proteins.
Blood Test: Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT)
A partial thromboplastin time (PTT) test is used to evaluate blood's ability to clot. It may be done as part of an evaluation for a bleeding disorder or to monitor the effects of blood-thinning medicine.
Blood Test: Phosphorus
Doctors may order a phosphorus blood test to help diagnose or monitor kidney disorders, calcium and bone problems, or other conditions.
Blood Test: Prothrombin Time (PT)
Doctors may order a PT test as part of an evaluation for a bleeding disorder or to monitor the effects of blood-thinning medicine.
Body Basics: The Heart (Slideshow)
Learn how this amazing muscle pumps blood throughout the body.
Cardiac Catheterization
This minimally invasive procedure helps doctors perform diagnostic tests on the heart and even treat some heart conditions.
Caring for Siblings of Seriously Ill Children
By being aware of what healthy siblings are going through and taking a few steps to make things a little easier for them, parents can help kids cope.
Caring for a Seriously Ill Child
Taking care of a chronically ill child is one of the most draining and difficult tasks a parent can face. But support groups, social workers, and family friends often can help.
Childhood Stress
Being a kid doesn't always mean being carefree - even the youngest tots worry. Find out what stresses kids out and how to help them cope.
Choosing a Pediatrician for Your New Baby
Along with considering baby names and buying a crib, choosing the right health care provider should be on your to-do list when you're expecting.
Depression
Depression is the most common mental health disorder in the U.S. If you think your child is depressed, you'll want to learn more about what depression is, what causes it, and what you can do to help.
ECG (Electrocardiogram)
Is your child scheduled to have an ECG? Find out how this test is performed and when you can expect the results.
Financial Management During Crisis
Although the emotional price of raising a seriously ill child can be devastating, it's only part of the picture. Even during this difficult time, you have to consider the financial implications.
Financial Planning for Kids With Special Needs
These 10 steps can help take the anxiety and worry out of your child's financial future and make sure that your child will be taken care of even after you're gone.
Genetic Testing
Advances in genetic testing help doctors diagnose and treat certain illnesses. The type of test done depends on which condition a doctor checks for.
Giving Teens a Voice in Health Care Decisions
Involving teens in their health care can help prepare them for managing it on their own as adults.
Helping Kids Handle Worry
All kids to worry at times, and some may worry more than others. But parents can help kids manage worry and tackle everyday problems with ease. Find out how.
How Can I Find a New Doctor for My Child?
Find out what the experts say.
How to Find Affordable Health Care
Finding coverage for your kids may be difficult, but it's not impossible. Many kids are eligible for government or community programs, even if their parents work. Learn what resources are available to your family.
How to Shop for Health Insurance
The government's healthcare marketplace, or exchange, is the new way to shop for health insurance. But just how do you find the best coverage and sign up? Get answers here.
How to Take Your Child's Pulse
Need to check your child's heart rate? Follow our guide and check with your doctor if you have questions.
Individualized Education Programs (IEPs)
Some kids may be eligible for individualized education programs in public schools, free of charge. Understanding how to access these services can help you be an effective advocate for your child.
Is a Clinical Trial Right for Your Child?
Deciding to enroll your child in a clinical study will depend on its potential benefits and risks, as well as your child's particular illness. Learn more.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a safe and painless test that uses a magnetic field and radio waves to produce detailed pictures of the body's organs and structures.
Managing Home Health Care
When kids need intensive health care after they're discharged from the hospital, it's important that family and caregivers learn about the devices, equipment, and support they'll need.
Prenatal Genetic Counseling
Genetic counselors work with people who are either planning to have a baby or are pregnant to determine whether they carry the genes for certain inherited disorders. Find out more.
Prenatal Tests: FAQs
Every parent-to-be hopes for a healthy baby, but it can be hard not to worry. Find out what tests can keep you informed of your health — and your baby's — throughout pregnancy.
Preparing Your Child for Anesthesia
If your child needs to have an operation, you probably have plenty of questions, many of them about anesthesia.
Preparing Your Child for Visits to the Doctor
When kids know they're "going to the doctor," many become worried about the visit. Here's how to help them.
Relaxation Techniques for Children With Serious Illness
Help ease your child's pain and anxiety with these exercises, complete with step-by-step instructions.
Support for Parents of Kids With Special Needs
You might have more on your plate than most parents, but it doesn't mean you have to do it all alone. Here's how to ask for help and avoid caregiver burnout.
Taking Care of You: Support for Caregivers
It's common to put your own needs last when caring for a child you love. But to be the best you can be, you need to take care of yourself, too. Here are some tips to help you recharge.
Talking to Your Child's Doctor
Building a relationship with your child's doctor requires communication and reasonable expectations.
Teens Talk About Stress (Video)
Teens talk about what stresses them out and how they cope.
Ultrasound: Abdomen
Doctors order abdominal ultrasounds when they're concerned about symptoms such as abdominal pain, repeated vomiting, abnormal liver or kidney function tests, or a swollen belly.
What Kids Say About: Handling Stress
In a KidsHealth® KidsPoll, kids talked about what they stress about the most, how they cope with these feelings, and how they want parents to help.
When Your Child Needs a Heart Transplant
If your child needs a heart transplant, you're probably feeling lots of emotions. Fortunately, many kids who undergo heart transplants go on to live normal, healthy lives.
Words to Know (Heart Glossary)
A guide to medical terms about the heart and circulatory system. In an easy A-Z format, find definitions on heart defects, heart conditions, treatments, and more.
X-Ray Exam: Abdomen
An abdominal X-ray can help find the cause of many abdominal problems, such as pain, kidney stones, intestinal blockage, a hole in the intestine, or an abdominal mass such as a tumor.
X-Ray Exam: Chest
A chest X-ray is a safe and painless test that uses a small amount of radiation to take a picture of a person's chest, including the heart, lungs, diaphragm, lymph nodes, upper spine, ribs, collarbone, and breastbone.
- Heart Conditions
Heart Conditions
A to Z Symptom: Chest Pain
Most causes of chest pain in kids and teens are not serious and will clear up with minimal or no treatment.
A to Z: Arteritis
Learn about conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels.
A to Z: Atresia
Learn about congenital defects and conditions that affect vessels, valves, and passages in the heart and other organs.
A to Z: Endocardial Cushion Defect
Learn about congenital heart defects and conditions that affect newborn babies.
A to Z: Hypertension, Intracranial
Learn about causes of vision loss and conditions that can affect the brain and nervous system.
A to Z: Periarteritis Nodosa
See Polyarteritis Nodosa.
A to Z: Polyarteritis Nodosa
Learn about polyarteritis nodosa (PAN), a rare disease causing inflammation of the blood vessels.
Aortic Stenosis
Aortic stenosis means the aortic valve is too small, narrow, or stiff. Many people have no symptoms, but kids with more severe cases will need surgery so that blood flows properly through the body.
Arrhythmia (Abnormal Heartbeat)
An arrhythmia is an abnormal heartbeat usually caused by an electrical "short circuit" in the heart. Many are minor and not a health threat, but some can indicate a more serious problem.
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
Atrial septal defect (ASD) — also known as a "hole in the heart" — is a type of congenital heart defect. Most ASDs are diagnosed and treated successfully.
Birth Defects
Some birth defects are minor and cause no problems; others cause major disabilities. Learn about the different types of birth defects, and how to help prevent them.
Body Basics: The Heart (Slideshow)
Learn how this amazing muscle pumps blood throughout the body.
Cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathy is when the heart muscle becomes weak and enlarged, which makes it difficult to pump blood through the body. There’s usually no cure for the condition in children, but it can be treated.
Coarctation of the Aorta
Coarctation of the aorta (COA) is a narrowing of the aorta, the major blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to the body.
Congenital Heart Defects
Heart defects happen when there's a problem with a baby's heart development during pregnancy. Most heart defects can be treated during infancy.
Double Outlet Right Ventricle (DORV)
Double outlet right ventricle (DORV) is a heart defect where the aorta connects to the heart in the wrong place.
Ebstein Anomaly
Ebstein anomaly is a rare heart defect that affects the tricuspid valve. It can cause problems that range from very mild to very serious.
First Aid: Chest Pains
Chest pain can be caused by many things, but it is rarely a sign of heart trouble in children. Here's what to do about it.
Heart Murmurs
Heart murmurs are very common, and most are no cause for concern and won't affect a child's health.
Heart and Circulatory System
The heart and circulatory system are our body's lifeline, delivering blood to the body's tissues. Brush up on your ticker with this body basics article.
Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)
When someone has hypertension (high blood pressure), the heart has to pump harder and the arteries are under more strain as they carry blood.
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS)
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a birth defect of a baby’s heart. The left side of the heart doesn’t grow as it should, making it smaller and weaker than normal.
Interrupted Aortic Arch (IAA)
An interrupted aortic arch (IAA) is a rare heart condition in which the aorta doesn’t form completely. Surgery must be done within the first few days of a baby’s life to close the gap in the aorta.
Kawasaki Disease
Kawasaki disease is an illness that causes inflammation in blood vessels throughout the body. When symptoms are noticed early and treated, kids begin to feel better within a few days.
Long QT Syndrome
Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a condition that affects the electrical system of the heart. Some kids have no symptoms, while others may feel changes in their heartbeat or feel lightheaded.
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
The ductus arteriosus is a blood vessel that connects two major arteries before birth and normally closes after a baby is born. If it stays open, the result is a condition called patent ductus arteriosus (PDA).
Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO)
The foramen ovale is a normal opening between the upper two chambers of an unborn baby’s heart. It usually closes soon after the baby’s birth — when it doesn't, it's called a patent foramen ovale.
Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS)
Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) happens when the autonomic nervous system — which controls things like heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing — doesn't work as it should.
Premature Ventricular Contractions
A premature ventricular contraction (PVC) is an early heartbeat that happens between normal heartbeats. PVCs usually are harmless.
Pulmonary Stenosis
Pulmonary stenosis means the pulmonary valve is too small, narrow, or stiff. Many people have no symptoms, but kids with more severe cases will need surgery so that blood flows properly through the body.
Single Ventricle Defects
Usually, a heart has two working ventricles (pumping chambers). Having a single ventricle means that only one of the two ventricles works well enough to pump blood.
Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT)
Supraventricular tachycardia is a type of abnormal heart rhythm in which the heart beats very quickly.
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a combination of problems caused by a birth defect that changes the way blood flows through the heart.
Tricuspid Atresia
Tricuspid atresia is a congenital heart defect. A baby born with tricuspid atresia often has serious symptoms soon after birth because blood flow to the lungs is much less than normal.
Truncus Arteriosus
Truncus arteriosus is a heart defect that happens when a child is born with one large artery instead of two separate arteries.
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
Ventricular septal defect (VSD) — also known as a "hole in the heart" — is a congenital heart defect. Most VSDs are diagnosed and treated successfully.
When Your Baby Has a Birth Defect
If your child has a birth defect, you don't have to go it alone - many people and resources are available to help you.
When Your Child Needs a Heart Transplant
If your child needs a heart transplant, you're probably feeling lots of emotions. Fortunately, many kids who undergo heart transplants go on to live normal, healthy lives.
Words to Know (Heart Glossary)
A guide to medical terms about the heart and circulatory system. In an easy A-Z format, find definitions on heart defects, heart conditions, treatments, and more.
- Wellness & Prevention
Wellness & Prevention
Caffeine
Caffeine is in many foods and drinks, but it's wise to keep caffeine consumption to a minimum, especially in younger kids. Here's why.
Carbohydrates and Sugar
Carbs are the body's most important and readily available source of energy. The key is to eat healthy ones, like whole grains, and avoid foods with added sugar.
Cholesterol
Most parents probably don't think about what cholesterol means for their kids. But high cholesterol is a risk factor for heart disease, which has its roots in childhood.
Exercising During Pregnancy
Most women benefit greatly from exercising throughout their pregnancies. But during that time, you'll need to make a few changes to your normal exercise routine.
Fats
Some fats are good for kids and an important part of a healthy diet. Here's what parents should know.
Fitness and Your 13- to 18-Year-Old
Kids who enjoy exercise tend to stay active throughout their lives. Learn how to encourage fitness in your teen.
Fitness and Your 2- to 3-Year-Old
Kids this age are naturally active, so be sure to provide lots of opportunities for your child to practice basic skills, such as running, kicking, and throwing.
Fitness and Your 3- to 5-Year-Old
Take advantage of your child's natural tendency to be active. Staying fit can help improve kids' self-esteem and decrease the risk of serious illnesses later in life.
Fitness and Your 6- to 12-Year-Old
School-age kids need physical activity to build strength, coordination, confidence, and to lay the groundwork for a healthy lifestyle.
Fitness for Kids Who Don't Like Sports
Some kids aren't natural athletes and they may say they just don't like sports. What then?
Healthy Eating
Good nutrition and a balanced diet help kids grow up healthy. Here's how to improve nutrition and encourage smart eating habits.
How to Take Your Child's Pulse
Need to check your child's heart rate? Follow our guide and check with your doctor if you have questions.
Kids and Exercise
Besides enjoying the health benefits of regular exercise, kids who are physically fit are better able to handle physical and emotional challenges.
Nutrition & Fitness Center
You know the importance of exercising and eating nutritious foods, but do you know how to raise a healthy and active child? Get practical advice and tips.
Strength Training
With a properly designed and supervised program, strength training can be a fun way for kids to build healthy muscles, joints, and bones.
Teaching Your Child How to Swallow Pills
Swallowing a pill is something that many of us take for granted. But just like any skill, learning to swallow a pill takes practice.
Your Child's Weight
"What's the right weight for my child?" is one of the most common questions parents have. It seems like a simple one, but it's not always easy to answer.
- Caring for Your Child
- Helping With Homework
- Back to School
Back to School
10 Ways to Help Your Child Succeed in Elementary School
Kids do better in school when parents are involved in their academic lives. These early years of schooling are an important time for parents to be informed and supportive about their child's education.
10 Ways to Help Your Child Succeed in Middle School
As students grow more independent during middle school, it can be challenging for parents to know how to stay involved. Here are 10 tips.
10 Ways to Help Your Teen Succeed in High School
Even though teens are seeking independence, parental involvement is still an important ingredient for academic achievement.
504 Education Plans
If your child has special needs in the classroom, he or she may be eligible for a government-supported learning plan.
Backpack Safety
As practical as they are, backpacks can strain muscles and joints and may cause back pain if they're too heavy or are used incorrectly. Here's how to help kids find the right backpack.
Getting Involved at Your Child's School
Whether their kids are just starting kindergarten or entering the final year of high school, there are many good reasons for parents to volunteer at school.
Gifted Education
About 6% of all U.S. K-12 students are considered academically gifted. Here are some ways to tell the difference between bright students and gifted students.
Help Your Child Get Organized
Most kids generate a little chaos and disorganization. But if you'd like yours to be more organized and to stay focused on tasks, such as homework, here are 3 steps that make it possible.
Helping Your Child Adjust to Preschool
The more comfortable you are with placing your child in preschool and the more familiar the setting is for your child, the fewer problems you - and your child - will encounter.
Helping Your Teen Decide What to Do After High School
Helping to prepare your teen for life after high school is one of the most important tasks you will have as a parent.
How Can I Avoid Struggles With My Child About Going to School?
Find out what the experts have to say.
Immunization Schedule
Which vaccines does your child need and when? Use this immunization schedule as a handy reference.
Individualized Education Programs (IEPs)
Some kids may be eligible for individualized education programs in public schools, free of charge. Understanding how to access these services can help you be an effective advocate for your child.
Parent-Teacher Conferences
Attending parent–teacher conferences is a great way to help your kids succeed at school. Here's what to do before, during, and after the meeting.
Sports Physicals
Just as professional sports stars need medical care to keep them playing their best, so do student athletes. That's why it's important to make sure that kids and teens get a sports physical.
Talking to Your Child's Preschool Teacher
Enrolling your little one in preschool can be a time filled with many questions. Find out how to establish an open, clear channel of communication with your child's preschool teacher.
Top 10 Homework Tips
Kids are more successful in school when parents take an active interest in homework - here are ways to help.
- Bullying
Bullying
Cyberbullying
Cyberbullying is the use of technology to harass, threaten, embarrass or target another person. Here are some suggestions on what to do if online bullying has become part of your child's life.
Helping Kids Cope With Cliques
With cliques prevalent in middle and high school, most kids encounter them at some point. Here's how parents can help kids maintain confidence and self-respect while negotiating cliques.
Helping Kids Deal With Bullies
Unfortunately, bullying is a common part of childhood. But parents can help kids cope with it and lessen its lasting impact.
Kids Talk About Bullying (video)
Hear what kids say about being bullied, and how they handle it.
School Violence and the News
As terrible and frightening as incidents of school violence are, they are rare. But it's natural for kids to worry. Here's how to help them deal with these fears.
Teaching Kids Not to Bully
Whether bullying is physical or verbal, if it's not stopped it can lead to more aggressive antisocial behavior - and harm a child's success in school and friendships.
Teens Talk About Bullying (Video)
Hear from teens who've been bullied - and what they did about it.
- Encouraging Reading
Encouraging Reading
Creating a Reader-Friendly Home
A home filled with reading material is a good way to help kids become enthusiastic readers. Here are some ideas.
Everyday Reading Opportunities
Finding time to read is important to developing literacy skills. And there are many easy and convenient ways to make reading a part of every day.
Finding the Right Read
Books make great gifts for kids. Here's how to pick one to fit a child's interests, maturity, and reading level.
Helping Kids Enjoy Reading
For many kids, reading doesn't come easily. But these simple steps can help them become eager readers.
Raising a Summer Reader
Kids' reading skills don't have to grow cold once school's out. Here are some ways to make reading a natural part of their summer fun.
Reading Milestones
This general outline describes the milestones on the road to reading and the ages at which most kids reach them.
Reading Resources
Regardless of your child's age or reading level, almost every community has programs and resources that are helpful.
School-Age Readers
From kindergarten through third grade, kids' ability to read will grow by leaps and bounds. Although teachers provide lots of help, parents continue to play a role in a child's reading life.
Story Time for Preschoolers
Reading aloud to your preschooler is a great way to encourage learning development and to help prepare your child for independent reading down the line.
- Learning & Health
Learning & Health
504 Education Plans
If your child has special needs in the classroom, he or she may be eligible for a government-supported learning plan.
ADHD
ADHD is a common medical condition that can affect kids at school, at home, and in friendships. This article is for parents who want to learn more about ADHD and how to help kids get the best diagnosis and care.
Backpack Safety
As practical as they are, backpacks can strain muscles and joints and may cause back pain if they're too heavy or are used incorrectly. Here's how to help kids find the right backpack.
Balancing Academics and Serious Illness
When your child has a serious or chronic illness, it's hard to think beyond the next treatment. But with planning and communication, you can help your child balance treatment and academics.
Going to School With Food Allergies
With preparation and education, a child with a food allergy can stay safe at school.
How Do I Know Which Vaccines My Kids Need?
Find out what the experts have to say.
Individualized Education Programs (IEPs)
Some kids may be eligible for individualized education programs in public schools, free of charge. Understanding how to access these services can help you be an effective advocate for your child.
My Child Is Struggling in School. How Can I Help?
Find out what the experts have to say.
School and Asthma
Asthma flare-ups are the main reason kids with asthma miss school. But well-managed asthma is far less likely to result in a sick day.
School and Diabetes
When kids with diabetes attend school, parents should discuss the condition with teachers, school staff, and coaches. Here are some tips on what to cover.
School-Based Health Centers
School-based health centers provide a range of services to meet kids' and teens' health care needs. Centers usually are inside a school building or right next door.
Sleep Problems in Teens
Does your teen have trouble falling asleep at night? Is he or she sleepy during the day? Find out if it's just a normal part of adolescence, or if something else is to blame.
Sleep and Your Preschooler
Preschoolers sleep about 11 to 12 hours during each 24-hour period, and it's important to help them develop good habits for getting to sleep.
Special Education: Getting Help for Your Child
Kids with special needs may quality for services to help with learning. Here is a guide to getting the help your child needs.
Sports Physicals
Just as professional sports stars need medical care to keep them playing their best, so do student athletes. That's why it's important to make sure that kids and teens get a sports physical.
Teaching Kids to Be Smart About Social Media
Before kids or teens hit "enter," make sure they know the rules when it comes to oversharing, teasing, posting personal info, and other online don'ts.
Teens Talk About Stress (Video)
Teens talk about what stresses them out and how they cope.
Understanding Dyslexia
Dyslexia is a learning disability that makes it hard to learn to read and understand written language. Even kids with average or above-average intelligence can have dyslexia.
- Smart Food Choices
Smart Food Choices
After-School Snacks
If your kids come in from school and head straight for the kitchen for something to eat, here's how to make sure they still have room for a healthy dinner.
Breakfast Basics
Even if you eat a healthy morning meal every day, it can be tough to get kids fueled up. Here's how to make breakfast more appealing.
Feeding Your Child Athlete
All kids need to eat balanced meals and have a healthy diet. But should that balance change for kids who play on a sports team or work out?
Going to School With Food Allergies
With preparation and education, a child with a food allergy can stay safe at school.
School Lunches
Packing school lunches are a chance to steer kids toward good nutrition. Here are ideas for some fun and easy lunchbox options.
Snacks for Preschoolers
Healthy and well-timed snacks can help fill in nutritional gaps for preschoolers. But how do you turn yours into a smart snacker?
- Too Sick for School?
Too Sick for School?
Fevers
Fevers happen when the body's internal "thermostat" raises the body temperature above normal. This is often the body's way of fighting infections.
First Aid: Fever
Fevers are usually not cause for alarm - they're the body's way of fighting infection. Here's what to do if your child has a fever.
How to Take Your Child's Temperature
All kids get a fever from time to time. Here's how to take your child's temperature, safely and accurately.
Is My Child Too Sick to Go to School?
It can be hard to know if kids are well enough to go to school or childcare. Here are some guidelines.
- Back to School
- Infections
Infections
- Bacterial & Viral Infections
Bacterial & Viral Infections
A to Z: Cat Scratch Disease
Cat scratch disease is an infection caused by the bacterium Bartonella henselae. It comes from a scratch or bite of an infected cat, usually a kitten.
A to Z: Otitis Media (Ear Infection)
Learn more about otitis media, an infection of the middle ear.
A to Z: Yeast Infection
See: Candidiasis.
Adenovirus
Adenoviruses can infect the lining of the eyes, airways and lungs, intestines, urinary tract, and nervous system. They're common causes of fever, coughs, sore throats, diarrhea, and pinkeye.
Bronchiolitis
Bronchiolitis is a common illness of the respiratory tract caused by an infection that affects tiny airways. The best treatment for most kids with bronchiolitis is time to recover and plenty of fluids.
Bronchitis
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes. When a person has bronchitis, it may be harder for air to pass in and out of the lungs.
COVID-19: Enjoy the Holidays Safely
The holidays will be different this year as the COVID-19 pandemic continues. Here are some ways to enjoy them safely.
Campylobacter Infections
These bacterial infections can cause diarrhea, cramping, abdominal pain, and fever. Good hand-washing and food safety habits can help prevent them.
Can Children and Teens Take the COVID-19 Vaccine?
As COVID-19 vaccines become available, here are some questions many parents have.
Cat Scratch Disease
Cat scratch disease is an infection that causes swelling of the lymph nodes after a cat scratch or bite. Learn about signs and symptoms, prevention, treatment, and more.
Cellulitis
Cellulitis is an infection of the skin and underlying tissues that can affect any area of the body. It begins in an area of broken skin, like a cut or scratch.
Chickenpox
Chickenpox used to be common in kids, causing a very itchy red rash all over the body. But the good news is that a vaccine can prevent most cases.
Chlamydia
Chlamydia is an STD caused by bacteria. It's important to know the symptoms, as treatment can prevent the infection from leading to other health problems.
Cold Sores
Cold sores are small and painful blisters that appear around the mouth, face, or nose. They're very common and, while uncomfortable, usually go away on their own.
Colds
Colds are the most common infectious disease in the United States - and the top reason kids visit the doctor and miss school.
Coronavirus (COVID-19)
The coronavirus (COVID-19) is making people sick with flu-like symptoms. Read this article to learn how to protect your family, and to know when to call your doctor.
Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic: What to Do if Your Child Is Sick
There's still much to learn about COVID-19. Still, parents wonder what to do if their child gets sick during the pandemic. Here's what doctors say to do if your child has coronavirus symptoms.
Coronavirus (COVID-19) and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C)
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) causes inflammation throughout the body. Doctors are trying to find out how these symptoms are related to coronavirus (COVID-19) infection.
Coronavirus (COVID-19) and School: Hybrid In-Person and Remote Learning
Some schools are using a hybrid plan this school year because of the COVID-19 pandemic. This is a combination of in-person learning and remote learning.
Coronavirus (COVID-19) and School: In-Person Learning
This school year means extra planning because of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. If your kids are going back to school in-person, here's how to be ready.
Coronavirus (COVID-19) and School: Remote Learning
Some schools are doing remote learning this school year. This means that students use the internet to attend school and do assignments from home.
Coronavirus (COVID-19): Antibody Testing
Antibody testing for coronavirus (COVID-19) involves taking a small blood sample to check for antibodies that the body may have made to fight the virus.
Coronavirus (COVID-19): Being Ready to Quarantine
People who have a coronavirus (COVID-19) infection or are around someone who has it should stay home to prevent spreading the virus. Here's how to prepare to quarantine or isolate at home.
Coronavirus (COVID-19): Calming Anxiety
Many people - kids and adults - are worried about coronavirus (COVID-19). But anxiety about it doesn't have to get the upper hand. Here's how to calm fears and focus on good things.
Coronavirus (COVID-19): Caring for Kids With Special Health Needs
During the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, kids with special health care needs still need routine care. But how they get it might change.
Coronavirus (COVID-19): Caring for Your Child With Asthma
During the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, it's especially important to help protect kids with asthma from having flare-ups.
Coronavirus (COVID-19): Getting Tested at a Drive-Thru Testing Site
A drive-thru testing site is a place where parents and children stay in the car while a health care provider does a test.
Coronavirus (COVID-19): Home Care & Precautions
Anyone who is sick — even if they don't know for sure they have coronavirus (COVID-19) — should stay home unless they need medical care. This helps prevent the illness from spreading to others.
Coronavirus (COVID-19): How Wearing a Mask Helps Protect Against Infection
Wearing masks or cloth face coverings in public is an important way to help slow the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19).
Coronavirus (COVID-19): How YOU Can Stop the Spread
Why is social distancing important? Find out how to keep yourself and other people healthy.
Coronavirus (COVID-19): How to Protect Babies and Toddlers
Children must be over age 2 to wear a face covering or mask. So parents might wonder how they can help protect their babies and toddlers from coronavirus (COVID-19).
Coronavirus (COVID-19): How to Quarantine or Isolate at Home
Someone with a positive coronavirus test is infected and is contagious. They will need to stay home to prevent the virus from spreading to others. Here's how to quarantine or isolate at home.
Coronavirus (COVID-19): How to Talk to Your Child
Your kids are hearing about coronavirus (COVID-19). To make sure they get reliable information, here's how to talk about it.
Coronavirus (COVID-19): Is it Safe to Send Kids Back to School?
Parents are wondering whether it's safe to send their kids back to school during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Here are some things to think about as you decide.
Coronavirus (COVID-19): Is it Safe to Send My Kids to Childcare?
Many parents are wondering if it's OK to send kids to childcare during the coronavirus pandemic. Here are some things to know before making a choice.
Coronavirus (COVID-19): Keeping Kids Busy
Families everywhere are staying home to prevent the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19). These tips can help you make the best of your time together.
Coronavirus (COVID-19): Kids & Medical Care During the Pandemic
During the COVID-19 pandemic, kids should still see their doctors for well-child visits and other care. Here's what parents should know.
Coronavirus (COVID-19): Kids and Masks
Wearing masks helps to slow the spread of COVID-19. Some toddlers and young children may feel uneasy about masks. Here's how to reassure your child.
Coronavirus (COVID-19): Pregnancy FAQs
We're learning more every day about coronavirus (COVID-19). Here are some answers to questions about coronavirus and pregnancy.
Coronavirus (COVID-19): Safety Tips for Returning to Sports
Playing sports with safeguards in place will help protect athletes from coronavirus. Find out more.
Coronavirus (COVID-19): Should Your Child Return to Sports?
Many kids are ready to play sports after missing out because of the coronavirus pandemic. But is that safe? Parents should consider many things before deciding if returning to sports is right for their child.
Coronavirus (COVID-19): Social Distancing With Children
More and more people are getting vaccinated against COVID-19. But for now, it is safest to keep social distancing when out in public. Here's what that means.
Coronavirus (COVID-19): What Are the Different Types of Tests?
As coronavirus spreads in communities, parents might wonder if their family should get tested. Here's how health care providers test for it.
Coronavirus (COVID-19): What Do Quarantine and Isolation Mean?
Some people with COVID-19 might need to stay home and away from others for a set time. This is known as isolation or quarantine. Find out what this means.
Coronavirus (COVID-19): Your Questions Answered
We're learning more about coronavirus (COVID-19) every day. Here are answers to some questions you may have about symptoms, care, and protecting your family.
Coronavirus (COVID-19):Top 5 FAQs
With so much information out there about coronavirus (COVID-19), it’s easy to get overwhelmed and confused. Here are answers to some of parents’ most pressing questions.
Coxsackievirus Infections
Coxsackievirus infections can spread from person to person. In most cases, the viruses cause mild flu-like symptoms, but can lead to more serious infections.
Croup
Croup often causes kids to have a loud cough that sounds like a seal barking. Most cases of croup are caused by viruses, are mild, and can be treated at home.
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
This virus poses few risks to healthy kids, but can cause serious health problems in unborn babies and kids with a weak immune system.
Dengue Fever
You're not at risk of this illness in the U.S., but if you live in or are traveling to a tropical country it's wise to take precautions against this virus.
Diphtheria
Diphtheria is a bacterial infection that's rare in the United States, where health officials immunize kids against it. But it's still common in developing countries where immunizations aren't given routinely.
E. Coli
Undercooked burgers and unwashed produce are among the foods that can harbor E. coli bacteria and lead to infection marked by severe diarrhea. Here's how to protect your family.
Ebola
Although outbreaks of Ebola may occur in parts of the world, there's no reason to panic. When people with Ebola are correctly diagnosed, isolated, and cared for, the risk of passing the disease to others is low.
Encephalitis
Encephalitis is a rare brain inflammation caused by a virus. The best way to avoid encephalitis is to prevent the illnesses that may lead to it.
Fevers
Fevers happen when the body's internal "thermostat" raises the body temperature above normal. This is often the body's way of fighting infections.
Fifth Disease
Especially common in kids between the ages of 5 and 15, fifth disease is a viral illness that produces a distinctive red rash on the face, body, arms, and legs.
Fighting Germs
Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa can cause disease. Here's how to help protect your family from germs.
Food Poisoning
Sometimes, germs can get into food and cause food poisoning. Find out what to do if your child gets food poisoning - and how to prevent it.
Genital Herpes
Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) that's usually caused by the herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2).
Genital Warts (HPV)
Genital warts usually are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), which also can lead to cervical cancer and other types of cancer. A vaccine can prevent HPV infection.
Gonorrhea
Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease (STD). Many people with gonorrhea have no symptoms. They can spread the infection to others without knowing it.
HIV and AIDS
Parents can help prevent HIV/AIDS by learning the facts and talking with their kids regularly about healthy behaviors, feelings, and sexuality.
Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFM) is a common viral infection that causes painful red blisters in the mouth and throat, and on the hands, feet, and diaper area.
Helicobacter pylori
H. pylori bacteria can cause digestive illnesses, including gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.
Hepatitis
Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver. Most cases are caused by a virus — either hepatitis A, hepatitis B, or hepatitis C — all of which can be passed to others by someone who is infected.
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis A is a contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). The hepatitis A vaccine has helped to make the infection rare in the United States.
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) spreads from person to person through blood or other body fluids. A vaccine is approved for people of all ages to prevent HBV infection.
Hepatitis C
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) spreads through blood or other body fluids, and can lead to cirrhosis or liver cancer. The most common way people become infected is by sharing drug paraphernalia.
Hib Disease (Haemophilus Influenzae Type b)
Hib disease can cause serious illnesses like meningitis and pneumonia. To protect kids from this bacterial infection, they should receive the Hib vaccine as infants.
How to Take Your Child's Temperature
All kids get a fever from time to time. Here's how to take your child's temperature, safely and accurately.
Impetigo
Impetigo is a contagious skin infection that causes blisters or sores on the face, neck, hands, and diaper area. Learn how this common problem is treated and what can help prevent it.
Infant Botulism
Infant botulism can happen if a baby ingests bacteria that make toxins inside the body. Treatment can help a baby who gets it recover fully.
Infections That Pets Carry
Kids can benefit from the companionship, affection, and relationships they share with pets. But it's important to know how to protect your family from infections carried by pets and other animals.
Inflammation
Inflammation is one way the body reacts to infection, injury, or other medical conditions. Many things can cause it.
Is it Safe to Breastfeed if I Have Coronavirus (COVID-19)?
Mothers with coronavirus (COVID-19) can still breastfeed their babies or give expressed breast milk. Here's what else the experts say.
Listeria Infections
Listeriosis is a serious infection caused by eating contaminated food. It mostly affects pregnant women, newborns, and adults with weakened immune systems. Here's how to protect your family.
Lyme Disease
Lyme disease can affect the skin, joints, nervous system, and other organ systems. If Lyme disease is diagnosed quickly and treated with antibiotics, most people feel better quickly.
MRSA
MRSA is a type of bacteria that the usual antibiotics can't tackle anymore. Simple precautions can help protect your kids from becoming infected.
Measles
Measles is best known for the skin rash it causes. Although rare, outbreaks can happen. Getting your kids fully vaccinated is the best way to protect them from this disease.
Meningitis
Meningitis is treatable, but can be serious. So it's important to know the symptoms, and get medical care right away if you think that your child has the illness.
Middle Ear Infections (Otitis Media)
Ear infections are common among kids and, often, painful. Find out what causes them and how they're treated.
Mononucleosis (Mono)
Mononucleosis - or "mono" - is an infection that causes flu-like symptoms. It usually goes away on its own in a few weeks with the help of plenty of fluids and rest.
Mosquito-Borne Diseases
Mosquito-borne diseases are illnesses spread by the bite of an infected mosquito.
Mumps
Mumps is a viral infection that causes telltale swelling and pain in the salivary glands. With the help of the mumps vaccine, it's preventable.
Osteomyelitis
Osteomyelitis is a bone infection that can happen when germs enter an open wound. The easiest way to prevent it is to keep skin clean.
Peritonsillar Abscess
Older kids and teens with tonsilitis sometimes develop this painful abscess, a pus-filled tissue at the back of the mouth.
Pinkeye (Conjunctivitis)
Pinkeye, or conjunctivitis, is the most common eye infection affecting kids. Learn more about pinkeye and how to prevent it from spreading.
Polio
Polio is a contagious disease that can be prevented with vaccination.
PrEP (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis)
PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis) is when someone takes medicines every day to lower his or her chances of getting HIV.
Rabies
Rabies is a serious infection of the nervous system that is caused by a virus. Rabies is usually transmitted by a bite from an infected animal.
Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections and Related Conditions
Recurrent urinary tract infections can cause kidney damage if left untreated, especially in kids under age 6. Here's how to recognize the symptom of UTIs and get help for your child.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of respiratory illness in young children. Learn how to recognize the signs and symptoms of this contagious infection.
Reye Syndrome
Reye syndrome is an extremely rare but serious illness. Cases have dropped greatly since the finding of a link between the illness and aspirin use in kids and teens.
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Rocky Mountain spotted fever is an infection spread by ticks. Find out more about it - including how to prevent it.
Roseola
Roseola is a viral illness that usually affects kids between 6 months and 3 years old. Learn its signs and symptoms when to call the doctor.
Rotavirus
Rotavirus infection affects most kids and is one of the most common causes of diarrhea. A vaccine to prevent it is now recommended for all kids.
Rubella (German Measles)
Rubella infection, or German measles, usually is a mild disease in kids that can be prevented with vaccination. Its primary medical danger is to pregnant women because it can affect developing babies.
Salmonella Infections
Salmonellosis is a foodborne illness caused by the bacteria salmonella. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, fever, and headache.
Scarlet Fever
Scarlet fever is an illness caused by a strep infection. It causes a red, bumpy rash that spreads over most of the body, and is treated with antibiotics.
Shigella Infections (Shigellosis)
Shigella are bacteria that can infect the digestive tract and cause a wide range of symptoms, from diarrhea, cramping, vomiting, and nausea, to more serious complications and illnesses.
Shingles
Shingles isn't very common in kids - it mostly affects older people. Find out what causes shingles, symptoms to watch for, and what to do if your child has it.
Sinusitis
Sinus infections, or sinusitis, are common and easily treated.
Smallpox
If you're wondering what smallpox is and why people sometimes worry about it, get the facts here.
Staph Infections
When skin is punctured or broken for any reason, staph bacteria can enter the wound and cause an infection. But good hygiene can prevent many staph infections. Learn more.
Strep Throat
Strep throat is a common cause of sore throat in kids and teens. It usually requires treatment with antibiotics, but improves in a few days.
Swimmer's Ear (Otitis Externa)
Swimmer's ear is an infection of the ear canal caused by many types of bacteria or fungi. Find out how to prevent it.
Syphilis
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease (STD). Early treatment can cure it and prevent long-term problems.
Talking to Your Kids About STDs
Your kids need to understand how STDs spread and how to protect themselves. Here's how to talk to them about sexually transmitted diseases.
Tetanus
Tetanus (also called lockjaw) is a preventable disease that affects the muscles and nerves, usually due to a contaminated wound.
The Danger of Antibiotic Overuse
Taking antibiotics too often or for the wrong reason has led to a dangerous rise in bacteria that no longer respond to medicine. Find out what you can do to prevent antibiotic overuse.
The Flu (Influenza)
Flu symptoms tend to come on quickly and are worse than the sneezing and stuffiness of a cold. The flu is very contagious. Find out what to do in this article for parents.
Tick Removal: A Step-by-Step Guide
Boy, your child's freckles really stand out in the sun — yikes, that one is actually a tick! What should you do?
Tonsillitis
Tonsillitis is an infection that makes tonsils swollen and red. It can cause a sore throat, fever, swollen glands, and trouble swallowing.
Toxic Shock Syndrome
Toxic shock syndrome is a serious but uncommon bacterial infection. TSS is a medical emergency - symptoms include sudden high fever, a faint feeling, diarrhea, headache, and muscle aches.
Toxic Synovitis
Read about this temporary inflammation of the hip joint that affects young children.
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB) is making a comeback in the United States today. Find out who's at risk, what to watch for, and how doctors treat TB.
Understanding Coronavirus (COVID-19)
Looking for information about coronavirus (COVID-19)? Our articles and videos explain what the virus is, ways to prevent it from spreading, what it means for school and learning, and much more.
Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common in kids. They're easy to treat and usually clear up in a week or so.
Warts
Many of us have had a wart somewhere on our bodies at some time. But other than being a nuisance, most warts are harmless.
Wearing and Caring for Masks
Coronavirus can spread when people breathe, talk, cough, or sneeze. Wearing a mask keeps the virus from reaching others.
West Nile Virus
The threat of West Nile virus has made getting a mosquito bite a cause for concern. What is West Nile virus, and what can you do to prevent it?
What Can I Say to Someone Who Isn't Wearing a Mask?
Wearing masks or cloth face coverings helps stop the spread of COVID-19. So it can be frustrating to see people who aren't following the advice of medical experts. What should you do if you see someone without a mask?
What Is "PANS"?
Find out what the experts have to say.
What Is Herd Immunity?
Herd immunity is when many people are immune to a contagious infection, so it's harder for that infection to spread in a community. But does it have a role in the fight against COVID-19?
What Is Powassan Virus?
Find out what the experts have to say.
When and Where to Get Medical Care
Should you head to the ER when your child is hurt or ill? What about an urgent care center? Different problems need different levels of care, and you have many options.
Whooping Cough (Pertussis)
Pertussis is characterized by severe coughing spells that end in a whooping sound when the person breathes in. It can be prevented with the pertussis vaccine, part of the DTaP immunization.
Yersiniosis
Yersiniosis is an uncommon infection caused by the consumption of undercooked meat products, unpasteurized milk, or water contaminated by the bacteria.
Zika Virus
With so much media coverage about Zika virus, it's natural to feel worried. The virus is of most concern for pregnant women and women who may become pregnant.
- Cold & Flu Review
Cold & Flu Review
Bronchitis
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes. When a person has bronchitis, it may be harder for air to pass in and out of the lungs.
Colds
Colds are the most common infectious disease in the United States - and the top reason kids visit the doctor and miss school.
Flu Center
Learn all about protecting your family from the flu and what to do if your child gets flu-like symptoms.
How Many Doses of Flu Vaccine Does My Child Need?
Knowing the doctor-recommended flu vaccination schedule can be confusing. Use this tool to help you understand how many doses your child needs.
How to Safely Give Acetaminophen
What kind? How much? How often? Find out how to give this pain and fever medicine.
Is It a Cold, the Flu, or COVID-19?
Your child has a sore throat, cough, and a high fever. Is it COVID-19? Could it be the flu? Or just a cold? Here are tips on what to look for, and what to do.
Too Late for the Flu Vaccine?
It's best to get the flu vaccine early in flu season, so the body can make antibodies that protect it from the flu. But getting it later is better than not getting it at all.
Who Should Get the Flu Vaccine?
The flu vaccine is a good idea for all families. It does not cause the flu, and it helps keep kids and parents from getting sick.
- Common Childhood Infections
Common Childhood Infections
A to Z: Otitis Media (Ear Infection)
Learn more about otitis media, an infection of the middle ear.
Bronchitis
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes. When a person has bronchitis, it may be harder for air to pass in and out of the lungs.
Can Chronic Ear Infections Cause Long-Term Hearing Loss?
Find out what the experts have to say.
Chickenpox
Chickenpox used to be common in kids, causing a very itchy red rash all over the body. But the good news is that a vaccine can prevent most cases.
Cold Sores
Cold sores are small and painful blisters that appear around the mouth, face, or nose. They're very common and, while uncomfortable, usually go away on their own.
Colds
Colds are the most common infectious disease in the United States - and the top reason kids visit the doctor and miss school.
Diarrhea
Most kids battle diarrhea from time to time, so it's important to know what to do to relieve and even prevent it.
Fevers
Fevers happen when the body's internal "thermostat" raises the body temperature above normal. This is often the body's way of fighting infections.
Flu Center
Learn all about protecting your family from the flu and what to do if your child gets flu-like symptoms.
Head Lice
Lice aren't dangerous and they don't spread disease, but they are contagious, annoying, and sometimes hard to get rid of. Learn more about this common childhood problem and how to get rid of those pesky little bugs.
How to Take Your Child's Temperature
All kids get a fever from time to time. Here's how to take your child's temperature, safely and accurately.
Is It a Cold, the Flu, or COVID-19?
Your child has a sore throat, cough, and a high fever. Is it COVID-19? Could it be the flu? Or just a cold? Here are tips on what to look for, and what to do.
Middle Ear Infections (Otitis Media)
Ear infections are common among kids and, often, painful. Find out what causes them and how they're treated.
Mononucleosis (Mono)
Mononucleosis - or "mono" - is an infection that causes flu-like symptoms. It usually goes away on its own in a few weeks with the help of plenty of fluids and rest.
Pinkeye (Conjunctivitis)
Pinkeye, or conjunctivitis, is the most common eye infection affecting kids. Learn more about pinkeye and how to prevent it from spreading.
Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common in kids. They're easy to treat and usually clear up in a week or so.
- Ear Infections
Ear Infections
A to Z: Otitis Media (Ear Infection)
Learn more about otitis media, an infection of the middle ear.
Can Chronic Ear Infections Cause Long-Term Hearing Loss?
Find out what the experts have to say.
Ear Tube Surgery
Many kids get middle ear infections (otitis media). Doctors may suggest ear tube surgery for those with multiple infections or a hearing loss or speech delay.
Ears
Hearing may be the ears' main job, but it's not all they do. Learn all about the ears in this Body Basics article.
Flying and Your Child's Ears
That weird ear-popping sensation is a normal part of air travel. Here's how to help equalize the air pressure in your child's ears to prevent or decrease ear pain.
How to Give Your Child Ear Drops
Tips for parents on getting drops into a child's ear.
Middle Ear Infections (Otitis Media)
Ear infections are common among kids and, often, painful. Find out what causes them and how they're treated.
Swimmer's Ear (Otitis Externa)
Swimmer's ear is an infection of the ear canal caused by many types of bacteria or fungi. Find out how to prevent it.
- Eye Infections
- Fungal Infections (Ringworm, Yeast, etc.)
Fungal Infections (Ringworm, Yeast, etc.)
Athlete's Foot
Athlete's foot is a common fungal skin infection. It's generally easy to treat and prevent.
Diaper Rash
Diaper rash is a very common infection that can cause a baby's skin to become sore, red, scaly, and tender. In most cases, it clears up with simple changes in diapering.
Fighting Germs
Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa can cause disease. Here's how to help protect your family from germs.
Infections That Pets Carry
Kids can benefit from the companionship, affection, and relationships they share with pets. But it's important to know how to protect your family from infections carried by pets and other animals.
Jock Itch
Jock itch is a pretty common fungal infection of the groin and upper thighs. It is generally easy to treat and prevent.
Oral Thrush
Oral thrush, a very common infection in infants that causes irritation in and around the baby's mouth, often goes away on its own without medical treatment.
Pityriasis Versicolor
Pityriasis versicolor is a rash caused by a fungus. It can appear over the chest, shoulders, and back, and is a common cause of skin rashes in teens.
Pneumocystis Pneumonia
Pneumocystis pneumonia can affect infants who have AIDS, cancer, or other conditions that affect the immune system.
Ringworm
Ringworm is a type of fungal skin infection. The good news is that ringworm is easy to treat.
Vaginal Yeast Infections
Vaginal yeast infections are common among growing girls, and can cause some pain and discomfort. They usually clear up quickly with proper medical treatment.
Vaginitis in Children
Vaginitis is redness, soreness, or swelling in and around the vagina. It's common in girls of all ages, and usually can be treated at home.
- Gastrointestinal Infections
Gastrointestinal Infections
Appendicitis
Appendicitis requires immediate medical attention, so it's important to know its symptoms. The earlier it's caught, the easier it is to treat.
Ascariasis
Ascariasis is an intestinal infection that occurs when the eggs of a parasitic roundworm are ingested. Read about signs and symptoms, treatment, and tips for prevention.
Campylobacter Infections
These bacterial infections can cause diarrhea, cramping, abdominal pain, and fever. Good hand-washing and food safety habits can help prevent them.
Cholera
While cholera isn't common in the U.S., it can be a health threat elsewhere. Learn about cholera and how to prevent it.
Dengue Fever
You're not at risk of this illness in the U.S., but if you live in or are traveling to a tropical country it's wise to take precautions against this virus.
Diarrhea
Most kids battle diarrhea from time to time, so it's important to know what to do to relieve and even prevent it.
Fighting Germs
Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa can cause disease. Here's how to help protect your family from germs.
Food Poisoning
Sometimes, germs can get into food and cause food poisoning. Find out what to do if your child gets food poisoning - and how to prevent it.
Giardiasis
Giardiasis, one of the chief causes of diarrhea in the United States, is an intestinal illness caused by a microscopic parasite.
Helicobacter pylori
H. pylori bacteria can cause digestive illnesses, including gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.
Pinworm Infections
Pinworm is an intestinal infection caused by tiny parasitic worms. But pinworms don't cause any harm (just itching), and it won't take long to get rid of them.
Rotavirus
Rotavirus infection affects most kids and is one of the most common causes of diarrhea. A vaccine to prevent it is now recommended for all kids.
Salmonella Infections
Salmonellosis is a foodborne illness caused by the bacteria salmonella. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, fever, and headache.
Shigella Infections (Shigellosis)
Shigella are bacteria that can infect the digestive tract and cause a wide range of symptoms, from diarrhea, cramping, vomiting, and nausea, to more serious complications and illnesses.
Stomachaches
Kids can have stomach pain for lots of reasons - not all of them related to the digestive system. Here are some clues about what could be going on.
Tapeworm
Tapeworms are usually more upsetting to think about than to deal with. Tapeworm infections are rare in the United States, and they're usually easy to treat.
Typhoid Fever
While typhoid fever isn't common in the U.S., it can be a health threat elsewhere. Learn about this illness and how to prevent it.
Yersiniosis
Yersiniosis is an uncommon infection caused by the consumption of undercooked meat products, unpasteurized milk, or water contaminated by the bacteria.
- Immunizations
Immunizations
Common Questions About Immunizations
Immunizations have protected millions of children from potentially deadly diseases. Learn about immunizations and find out exactly what they do - and what they don't.
Do My Kids Need Vaccines Before Traveling?
Find out what the experts have to say.
Flu Center
Learn all about protecting your family from the flu and what to do if your child gets flu-like symptoms.
How Can I Comfort My Baby During Shots?
Find out what the experts have to say.
Immunization Schedule
Which vaccines does your child need and when? Use this immunization schedule as a handy reference.
Immunizations and IBD
Vaccines are safe to give to kids and teens with IBD and won't make their symptoms worse. Here are the ones they need.
Too Late for the Flu Vaccine?
It's best to get the flu vaccine early in flu season, so the body can make antibodies that protect it from the flu. But getting it later is better than not getting it at all.
Vaccines & Antibiotics: A Safe Combo?
Find out what the experts have to say.
Who Should Get the Flu Vaccine?
The flu vaccine is a good idea for all families. It does not cause the flu, and it helps keep kids and parents from getting sick.
Your Child's Immunizations
Immunizations protect kids from many dangerous diseases. Find out what vaccines your child needs to grow up healthy.
Your Child's Immunizations: Chickenpox Vaccine
Find out when and why your child needs to get this vaccine.
Your Child's Immunizations: Diphtheria, Tetanus & Pertussis Vaccine (DTaP)
Find out when and why your child needs to get this vaccine.
Your Child's Immunizations: Hepatitis A Vaccine (HepA)
Find out when and why your child needs to get this vaccine.
Your Child's Immunizations: Hepatitis B Vaccine (HepB)
Find out when and why your child needs this vaccine.
Your Child's Immunizations: Hib Vaccine
Find out when and why your child needs to get this vaccine.
Your Child's Immunizations: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine
Find out when and why your child needs to get this vaccine.
Your Child's Immunizations: Influenza Vaccine (Flu Shot)
Find out when and why kids need to get the flu vaccine.
Your Child's Immunizations: Measles, Mumps & Rubella Vaccine (MMR)
Find out when and why your child needs to get this vaccine.
Your Child's Immunizations: Meningococcal Vaccines
Find out when and why your child needs to get this vaccine.
Your Child's Immunizations: Pneumococcal Vaccines (PCV, PPSV)
Find out when and why your child needs to get these vaccines.
Your Child's Immunizations: Polio Vaccine (IPV)
Find out when and why your child needs to get this vaccine.
Your Child's Immunizations: Rotavirus Vaccine
Find out when and why your child needs to get this vaccine.
- Lung & Respiratory Infections
Lung & Respiratory Infections
Adenovirus
Adenoviruses can infect the lining of the eyes, airways and lungs, intestines, urinary tract, and nervous system. They're common causes of fever, coughs, sore throats, diarrhea, and pinkeye.
Bronchiolitis
Bronchiolitis is a common illness of the respiratory tract caused by an infection that affects tiny airways. The best treatment for most kids with bronchiolitis is time to recover and plenty of fluids.
Bronchitis
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes. When a person has bronchitis, it may be harder for air to pass in and out of the lungs.
Croup
Croup often causes kids to have a loud cough that sounds like a seal barking. Most cases of croup are caused by viruses, are mild, and can be treated at home.
Diphtheria
Diphtheria is a bacterial infection that's rare in the United States, where health officials immunize kids against it. But it's still common in developing countries where immunizations aren't given routinely.
Measles
Measles is best known for the skin rash it causes. Although rare, outbreaks can happen. Getting your kids fully vaccinated is the best way to protect them from this disease.
Meningitis
Meningitis is treatable, but can be serious. So it's important to know the symptoms, and get medical care right away if you think that your child has the illness.
Pneumocystis Pneumonia
Pneumocystis pneumonia can affect infants who have AIDS, cancer, or other conditions that affect the immune system.
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is a lung infection that can be caused by different types of germs, most commonly viruses. Read about symptoms and treatment.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of respiratory illness in young children. Learn how to recognize the signs and symptoms of this contagious infection.
Scarlet Fever
Scarlet fever is an illness caused by a strep infection. It causes a red, bumpy rash that spreads over most of the body, and is treated with antibiotics.
Sinusitis
Sinus infections, or sinusitis, are common and easily treated.
Strep Throat
Strep throat is a common cause of sore throat in kids and teens. It usually requires treatment with antibiotics, but improves in a few days.
The Flu (Influenza)
Flu symptoms tend to come on quickly and are worse than the sneezing and stuffiness of a cold. The flu is very contagious. Find out what to do in this article for parents.
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB) is making a comeback in the United States today. Find out who's at risk, what to watch for, and how doctors treat TB.
Walking Pneumonia
Many kids with this milder version of pneumonia feel well enough to go to school. But it's important to keep kids home until after treatment kicks in and symptoms improve.
Whooping Cough (Pertussis)
Pertussis is characterized by severe coughing spells that end in a whooping sound when the person breathes in. It can be prevented with the pertussis vaccine, part of the DTaP immunization.
- Medical Tests
Medical Tests
Basic Blood Chemistry Tests
Doctors order basic blood chemistry tests to assess a wide range of conditions and the function of organs.
Blood Culture
A blood culture is a test that looks for germs (such as bacteria or fungi) in the blood.
Blood Test: Complete Blood Count
The complete blood count (CBC) is the most common blood test. It analyzes red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Blood Test: Hepatic (Liver) Function Panel
Liver function tests can help doctors see if the liver has been damaged. They also can help diagnose infections and monitor medications that can cause liver-related side effects.
Stool Tests
Your child's doctor may order a stool collection test to check for blood, bacteria, ova, or parasites. Find out how this test is performed and when you can expect the results.
Strep Test: Throat Culture
Is your child having a strep test or a throat culture? Find out how these swab tests are performed.
Urine Tests
Is your child having a urine culture or urinalysis performed? Find out why urine tests are performed, and what to expect when the doctor orders them.
- Parasitic Infections (Worms, Lice, etc.)
Parasitic Infections (Worms, Lice, etc.)
Amebiasis
Amebiasis is an intestinal illness transmitted when someone eats or drinks something that's contaminated with a microscopic parasite.
Ascariasis
Ascariasis is an intestinal infection that occurs when the eggs of a parasitic roundworm are ingested. Read about signs and symptoms, treatment, and tips for prevention.
Bedbugs
Bedbugs have people on high alert, checking mattresses and furniture for telltale signs of these irritating, hard-to-control pests. Here's what to look for and how to deal with them.
Chigger Bites
Chiggers are tiny red mites whose bites aren't painful but do cause intense itching. Home care can help the itchiness.
Fighting Germs
Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa can cause disease. Here's how to help protect your family from germs.
Giardiasis
Giardiasis, one of the chief causes of diarrhea in the United States, is an intestinal illness caused by a microscopic parasite.
Head Lice
Lice aren't dangerous and they don't spread disease, but they are contagious, annoying, and sometimes hard to get rid of. Learn more about this common childhood problem and how to get rid of those pesky little bugs.
Infections That Pets Carry
Kids can benefit from the companionship, affection, and relationships they share with pets. But it's important to know how to protect your family from infections carried by pets and other animals.
Malaria
Malaria - a common infection in hot, tropical areas - is a leading cause of death worldwide. But if diagnosed early and treated, it can be cured.
Mosquito-Borne Diseases
Mosquito-borne diseases are illnesses spread by the bite of an infected mosquito.
Pinworm Infections
Pinworm is an intestinal infection caused by tiny parasitic worms. But pinworms don't cause any harm (just itching), and it won't take long to get rid of them.
Pubic Lice (Crabs)
Pubic lice are six-legged creatures that infest the hair in the pubic area. Pubic lice infestation is considered a sexually transmitted disease (STD), but it can be contracted in other ways.
Toxocariasis
Toxocara are common parasites of dogs and cats. When they infect humans, the illness is called toxocariasis.
Toxoplasmosis
Toxoplasmosis is an infection that passes from animals to humans, sometimes without causing any symptoms. Learn more about this infection in this article for parents.
Trichomoniasis
Trichomoniasis (or "trich") is a sexually transmitted disease. Many people with trich have no symptoms, so they can spread it to others without knowing it.
- STDs
STDs
Chlamydia
Chlamydia is an STD caused by bacteria. It's important to know the symptoms, as treatment can prevent the infection from leading to other health problems.
Fighting Germs
Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa can cause disease. Here's how to help protect your family from germs.
Genital Herpes
Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) that's usually caused by the herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2).
Genital Warts (HPV)
Genital warts usually are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), which also can lead to cervical cancer and other types of cancer. A vaccine can prevent HPV infection.
Gonorrhea
Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease (STD). Many people with gonorrhea have no symptoms. They can spread the infection to others without knowing it.
HIV and AIDS
Parents can help prevent HIV/AIDS by learning the facts and talking with their kids regularly about healthy behaviors, feelings, and sexuality.
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a serious infection of the female reproductive organs that may cause severe symptoms, minor symptoms, or no symptoms at all.
PrEP (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis)
PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis) is when someone takes medicines every day to lower his or her chances of getting HIV.
Pubic Lice (Crabs)
Pubic lice are six-legged creatures that infest the hair in the pubic area. Pubic lice infestation is considered a sexually transmitted disease (STD), but it can be contracted in other ways.
STDs
Parents should learn about the most common STDs, how they spread, and how they're diagnosed and treated.
Syphilis
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease (STD). Early treatment can cure it and prevent long-term problems.
Talking to Your Kids About STDs
Your kids need to understand how STDs spread and how to protect themselves. Here's how to talk to them about sexually transmitted diseases.
Trichomoniasis
Trichomoniasis (or "trich") is a sexually transmitted disease. Many people with trich have no symptoms, so they can spread it to others without knowing it.
- Skin Infections & Rashes
Skin Infections & Rashes
Abscess
An abscess is a sign of an infection, usually on the skin. Find out what to do if your child develops one.
Acanthosis Nigricans
Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is a condition that causes the skin to thicken and darken in places. AN is not harmful or contagious, but can be a sign of certain other medical conditions.
Cellulitis
Cellulitis is an infection of the skin and underlying tissues that can affect any area of the body. It begins in an area of broken skin, like a cut or scratch.
Chickenpox
Chickenpox used to be common in kids, causing a very itchy red rash all over the body. But the good news is that a vaccine can prevent most cases.
Cold Sores
Cold sores are small and painful blisters that appear around the mouth, face, or nose. They're very common and, while uncomfortable, usually go away on their own.
Cradle Cap (Seborrheic Dermatitis) in Infants
This harmless condition - the infant form of dandruff - causes rough, scaly patches on a baby's skin.
Dandruff
Got flakes? Most cases of dandruff don't require a visit to a doctor's office. Treat them at home with special, over-the-counter dandruff shampoos.
Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis)
Eczema can be an itchy nuisance and cause scratching that makes the problem worse. Many kids who have eczema today will be over it by the time they're teens.
Erythema Multiforme
By the looks of the "bulls-eye" marks this rash leaves on the skin, you might think it's cause for concern. But erythema multiforme clears up on its own within a few weeks.
Fifth Disease
Especially common in kids between the ages of 5 and 15, fifth disease is a viral illness that produces a distinctive red rash on the face, body, arms, and legs.
Genital Herpes
Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) that's usually caused by the herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2).
Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFM) is a common viral infection that causes painful red blisters in the mouth and throat, and on the hands, feet, and diaper area.
Hives (Urticaria)
Has your child broken out in welts? It could be a case of the hives. Learn how to soothe itchy bumps and help your child feel better.
Impetigo
Impetigo is a contagious skin infection that causes blisters or sores on the face, neck, hands, and diaper area. Learn how this common problem is treated and what can help prevent it.
Infections That Pets Carry
Kids can benefit from the companionship, affection, and relationships they share with pets. But it's important to know how to protect your family from infections carried by pets and other animals.
Inflammation
Inflammation is one way the body reacts to infection, injury, or other medical conditions. Many things can cause it.
Lyme Disease
Lyme disease can affect the skin, joints, nervous system, and other organ systems. If Lyme disease is diagnosed quickly and treated with antibiotics, most people feel better quickly.
Measles
Measles is best known for the skin rash it causes. Although rare, outbreaks can happen. Getting your kids fully vaccinated is the best way to protect them from this disease.
Molluscum Contagiosum
Molluscum contagiosum is a common viral skin infection. For most children, the rash isn't a big deal and goes away on its own over time.
Oral Thrush
Oral thrush, a very common infection in infants that causes irritation in and around the baby's mouth, often goes away on its own without medical treatment.
Paronychia
Paronychia is an infection of the skin around a fingernail or toenail. Most of the time, it's not serious and can be treated at home. Learn what causes it, what to do, and how to prevent it.
Pilonidal Cyst
A pilonidal cyst is a fluid-filled sac under the skin in the just above the buttocks.
Pityriasis Rosea
This harmless rash often forms a telltale "Christmas tree" pattern on the back that makes it easy to identify.
Pityriasis Versicolor
Pityriasis versicolor is a rash caused by a fungus. It can appear over the chest, shoulders, and back, and is a common cause of skin rashes in teens.
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Rocky Mountain spotted fever is an infection spread by ticks. Find out more about it - including how to prevent it.
Roseola
Roseola is a viral illness that usually affects kids between 6 months and 3 years old. Learn its signs and symptoms when to call the doctor.
Rubella (German Measles)
Rubella infection, or German measles, usually is a mild disease in kids that can be prevented with vaccination. Its primary medical danger is to pregnant women because it can affect developing babies.
Scabies
Scabies is an infestation that affects the skin, and is caused by a mite that burrows into the top layer of skin. It causes itching and bumps or blisters.
Scarlet Fever
Scarlet fever is an illness caused by a strep infection. It causes a red, bumpy rash that spreads over most of the body, and is treated with antibiotics.
Toxic Shock Syndrome
Toxic shock syndrome is a serious but uncommon bacterial infection. TSS is a medical emergency - symptoms include sudden high fever, a faint feeling, diarrhea, headache, and muscle aches.
Vaginitis in Children
Vaginitis is redness, soreness, or swelling in and around the vagina. It's common in girls of all ages, and usually can be treated at home.
Vitiligo
While vitiligo might make your child self-conscious, this skin condition is not medically dangerous. Kids with vitiligo are as healthy as other kids.
Warts
Many of us have had a wart somewhere on our bodies at some time. But other than being a nuisance, most warts are harmless.
Wound Healing and Care
How well a wound heals depends on where it is on the body and what caused it. Good home care is an important part of healing.
- Bacterial & Viral Infections
- Nutrition & Fitness Center Content List
Nutrition & Fitness Center Content List
- BMI Calculator & Tools
- Exercise Safety
Exercise Safety
A to Z: Head Injury
Learn more about head injuries (head trauma).
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Tears
ACL injuries can happen in active and athletic kids when excessive pressure is put on the knee joint, resulting in a torn ligament.
Bike Safety
Bike riding is a great way to get exercise and share time as a family. But there's an important factor that you need to consider - safety.
Burners and Stingers
Burners (or stingers) are injuries to the nerve network in the shoulder, arm, forearm, hand, and fingers. They're pretty common in sports and usually go away quickly.
Compulsive Exercise
Even though exercise has many positive benefits, too much can be harmful. Teens who exercise compulsively are at risk for both physical and psychological problems.
Dehydration
Sometimes kids lose fluids and salts through fever, diarrhea, vomiting, or sweating. Here are some tips on preventing or treating dehydration.
First Aid: Broken Bones
A broken bone needs emergency medical care. Here's what to do if you think your child just broke a bone.
First Aid: Heat Illness
In hot weather, a child's internal temperature can rise and cause heat exhaustion, which can progress to heatstroke if not treated quickly.
First Aid: Nosebleeds
Although they can be serious, nosebleeds are common in children ages 3 to 10 years and most stop on their own.
First Aid: Strains and Sprains
Here's what to do if you think your child has pulled or torn a muscle, ligament, or tendon.
First Aid: Teeth Injuries
If your child loses a baby tooth, there's no need to replace it. But if a permanent tooth is dislodged, it's a dental emergency. Here's what to do.
Head Injuries
Head injuries can be external or internal. Learn more about both kinds, how to prevent them, and what to do if your child is injured.
Heat Illness
Active kids can be at risk for heat illness, which can result in heat cramps, heat exhaustion, or heatstroke. Learn how to prevent and treat heat illness.
Knee Injuries
Knee injuries are common among young athletes. Learn about causes, treatments, and prevention.
Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) Injuries
MCL injuries can happen in active and athletic kids, when excessive pressure is put on the knee joint, resulting in a torn ligament.
Nutrition & Fitness Center
You know the importance of exercising and eating nutritious foods, but do you know how to raise a healthy and active child? Get practical advice and tips.
Osgood-Schlatter Disease
Osgood-Schlatter disease (OSD) is one of the most common causes of knee pain in adolescents. It's really not a disease, but an overuse injury.
Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (Runner's Knee)
Patellofemoral pain syndrome (or runner's knee) is the most common overuse injury among runners, but it can also happen to other athletes who do activities that require a lot of knee bending.
Playground Safety
Following these safety guidelines can make neighborhood playgrounds entertaining and safe for your kids.
Preventing Children's Sports Injuries
Participation in sports can teach kids sportsmanship and discipline. But sports also carry the potential for injury. Here's how to protect your kids.
Safety Tips: Baseball
Baseball is by no means a dangerous sport. But it can present a very real risk of injuries from things like wild pitches, batted balls, and collisions in the field. These safety tips can help keep your kids safe on the diamond.
Safety Tips: Basketball
Basketball is fun - but it's also a contact sport, and injuries happen. To help your kids stay safe on the basketball court, take a look at these safety tips.
Safety Tips: Hockey
As fun as it is, ice hockey carries a very real risk of injury. To keep your kids as safe as possible, follow these tips.
Safety Tips: Skateboarding
Skateboarding is undeniably cool, but it's also easy for riders to get hurt. Help your kids keep it safe with these safety tips.
Safety Tips: Skiing
Skiing is fun but also has some very real dangers. Make sure your kids follow these safety tips to learn how to stay safe on the slopes.
Safety Tips: Sledding
Sledding is a lot of fun, but can also cause injuries, some of them pretty serious. To keep your kids safe while sledding, make sure they follow these safety tips.
Safety Tips: Snowboarding
Snowboarding is a great way to have fun and get exercise, but it has some very real dangers. These safety tips can help keep your family safe on the slopes.
Sports Physicals
Just as professional sports stars need medical care to keep them playing their best, so do student athletes. That's why it's important to make sure that kids and teens get a sports physical.
Steroids
Get the facts about steroids, their side effects, and what can drive kids and teens to try them.
Water Safety
Kids need constant supervision around water - whether the water is in a bathtub, pool, the sea, or a water park. Here's how to keep them safe.
- Healthy Eating & Your Family
Healthy Eating & Your Family
3 Ways to Build Strong Bones
We build almost all our bone density when we're kids and teens. Kids with strong bones have a better chance of avoiding bone weakness later in life. Here's how parents can help.
A to Z: Vitamin D Deficiency
Vitamin D deficiency is a condition that happens when a person isn't getting enough vitamin D, which is needed for strong bones and overall health.
After-School Snacks
If your kids come in from school and head straight for the kitchen for something to eat, here's how to make sure they still have room for a healthy dinner.
Breakfast Basics
Even if you eat a healthy morning meal every day, it can be tough to get kids fueled up. Here's how to make breakfast more appealing.
Breastfeeding FAQs: Getting Started
Here are answers to common questions about getting started with breastfeeding.
Breastfeeding FAQs: How Much and How Often
Here's info about how often to breastfeed your baby, how long it takes to nurse, and much more.
Breastfeeding FAQs: Out and About
Here are answers to some common questions about going out in public as a breastfeeding mom - from how to do it discreetly to taming sneaky leaks.
Breastfeeding FAQs: Pain and Discomfort
Here are answers to some common questions about preventing and reducing breastfeeding discomfort, such as nipple and breast pain.
Breastfeeding FAQs: Pumping
Here are answers to some common questions about pumping your breast milk - from buying a pump to making the process a little easier.
Breastfeeding FAQs: Safely Storing Breast Milk
Here are answers to some common questions about how to keep breast milk and how to clean and sterilize supplies, from bottles to nipples to breast pump parts.
Breastfeeding FAQs: Sleep - Yours and Your Baby's
Here are answers to some common questions about breastfed babies and sleep - from where they should snooze to when they'll finally start sleeping through the night.
Breastfeeding FAQs: Solids and Supplementing
Here are answers to some common supplemental feeding questions - from when to introduce solids to offering breastfed babies formula.
Breastfeeding FAQs: Some Common Concerns
Here are answers to some questions about common breastfeeding concerns - from biting to spitting up.
Breastfeeding FAQs: Supply and Demand
Here are answers to some common questions about your milk supply - from having too much to having too little.
Breastfeeding FAQs: Your Eating and Drinking Habits
Here are answers to some common questions about what breastfeeding mothers should and shouldn't eat and drink.
Breastfeeding vs. Formula Feeding
Making a decision to breastfeed or formula feed your baby is a personal one. There are some points to consider to help you decide which option is best for you and your baby.
Caffeine
Caffeine is in many foods and drinks, but it's wise to keep caffeine consumption to a minimum, especially in younger kids. Here's why.
Calcium
Milk and other calcium-rich foods help build strong, healthy bones. But most kids and teens don't get enough calcium. Here's how to make sure that yours do.
Carbohydrates and Sugar
Carbs are the body's most important and readily available source of energy. The key is to eat healthy ones, like whole grains, and avoid foods with added sugar.
Cholesterol
Most parents probably don't think about what cholesterol means for their kids. But high cholesterol is a risk factor for heart disease, which has its roots in childhood.
Cooking With Kids
Inviting kids into the kitchen to help you cook can be a great way to create quality together time and help your child learn and refine some basic skills.
Cooking With Preschoolers
It may take a little flexibility and prep work, but time in the kitchen with your preschooler can be a culinary adventure you'll both enjoy.
Coronavirus (COVID-19): Keeping Families Healthy
We're spending more time at home to help prevent the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19). Here are some tips to keep everyone active and eating well while you are at home.
Eating During Pregnancy
To eat well during pregnancy, your extra calories should come from nutritious foods that contribute to your baby's growth and development.
Fats
Some fats are good for kids and an important part of a healthy diet. Here's what parents should know.
Feeding Your 1- to 2-Year-Old
Toddlers have little tummies, so serve foods that are packed with the nutrients they need to grow healthy and strong, and limit the sweets and empty calories.
Feeding Your 1- to 3-Month-Old
Whether you've chosen to breastfeed or bottle-feed your baby, your infant will let you know when it's time to eat.
Feeding Your 4- to 7-Month-Old
Is your baby is ready for solid foods? Learn how and when to get started.
Feeding Your 8- to 12-Month-Old
At this age, babies start to explore table foods.
Feeding Your Family on a Tight Budget
Everyone needs enough healthy food, but many people can't get it all the time. Here are programs that can help.
Feeding Your Newborn
These guidelines on breastfeeding and bottle feeding can help you know what's right for you and your baby.
Fiber
Many appetizing foods are also good sources of fiber - from fruits to whole-grain cereals. Here are ways to help kids get more fiber in their everyday diets.
Figuring Out Food Labels
Find out how to make healthy food choices for your family by reading food labels.
Finger Foods for Babies
When they're around 9 months old, babies can begin feeding themselves. Find out which foods are safe, healthy options and which should not be served to little ones.
Food Safety for Your Family
Why is food safety important? And how can you be sure your kitchen and the foods you prepare in it are safe?
Formula Feeding FAQs: Getting Started
Shopping for formula-feeding supplies can be daunting. Here are answers to some common questions about formula feeding.
Formula Feeding FAQs: How Much and How Often
Get answers to some common formula-feeding inquiries, from how much newborns eat to what their diapers might look like.
Formula Feeding FAQs: Preparation and Storage
Check out these formula-feeding bottle basics, from how to mix bottles to how to store them safely.
Formula Feeding FAQs: Some Common Concerns
Read about how to manage common formula-feeding concerns, from spitting up and fussiness to gas and milk allergies.
Formula Feeding FAQs: Starting Solids and Milk
Find answers to common inquiries about introducing solids and whole milk to formula-fed babies.
Halloween Candy Hints
For health-conscious parents, Halloween can be tricky. Do you set limits? Do you let kids decide how much to eat? There isn't just one right answer.
Handling Picky Eating in Toddlers (Video)
Make mealtimes more pleasant and less stressful for everyone by learning how to handle a picky eater.
Healthy Eating
Good nutrition and a balanced diet help kids grow up healthy. Here's how to improve nutrition and encourage smart eating habits.
Healthy Food Shopping
What you put in the grocery cart can affect your child's health and attitude toward nutritious food.
Hunger and Your Preschooler
Your preschooler eats lunch, then 20 minutes later claims to be hungry. Is a snack OK? Maybe yes, maybe no. Here's why.
Iron
Iron is an important ingredient needed to make hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying part of every red blood cell.
Keeping Portions Under Control
Waistlines have been expanding over the last few decades. Part of the problem is what we eat, but another is quantity. Are our plates simply piled too high?
Kids and Food: 10 Tips for Parents
Here are 10 simple tips to help you raise kids who develop healthy eating habits!
My Toddler Hates Vegetables. What Can I Do?
Do your toddler's veggies end up on the floor or cold on the plate? Try these tips.
MyPlate Food Guide
The USDA's food guide icon is designed to make meal planning easy. Here's how to get MyPlate onto your table.
Nutrition & Fitness Center
You know the importance of exercising and eating nutritious foods, but do you know how to raise a healthy and active child? Get practical advice and tips.
Nutrition Guide for Toddlers
While growth slows somewhat during the toddler years, it's a new era where kids will eat and drink more independently.
Produce Precautions
Kids need daily servings of fruits and vegetables. Here's how to make sure the produce you buy and prepare is safe.
School Lunches
Packing school lunches are a chance to steer kids toward good nutrition. Here are ideas for some fun and easy lunchbox options.
Snacks
If the right foods are offered at the right times, snacks can play an important role in managing kids' hunger and boosting nutrition.
Snacks for Preschoolers
Healthy and well-timed snacks can help fill in nutritional gaps for preschoolers. But how do you turn yours into a smart snacker?
Snacks for Toddlers
Some toddlers may seem too busy exploring to slow down and eat. Others may be fickle about food or refuse to eat at mealtime. That's where healthy, well-timed snacks come in.
Sports Drinks and Energy Drinks
When it comes to keeping your kid hydrated, there's a dizzying array of drinks to choose from. Are sports and energy drinks right for your child?
Sports Supplements
Sports supplements are products used to enhance athletic performance. But there aren't enough long-term studies to know if they're safe for teens.
Starting Your Baby on Solid Foods (Video)
Find out if your baby is ready for solid foods, and if so, what to give, how to give it, and which foods to avoid.
Strategies for Feeding a Preschooler
During the preschool years, kids are more willing to cooperate. So it's a great time to teach them about healthy food choices in new and exciting ways.
Toddlers at the Table: Avoiding Power Struggles
By anticipating problems and offering choices, you can teach your toddler healthy eating habits and avoid power struggles about food.
Vegetarianism
Vegetarian diets have become more popular, and many parents may wonder if kids can safely follow a vegetarian diet and still get all the nutrients necessary for growing up healthy and strong.
Vitamin D
Vitamin D is needed for strong bones, but is hard to come by because it's found in few foods. Here's how to make sure kids get enough vitamin D.
Your Child's Weight
"What's the right weight for my child?" is one of the most common questions parents have. It seems like a simple one, but it's not always easy to answer.
- Healthy Recipes
Healthy Recipes
15-Minute Salmon
Try this recipe for 15-Minute Salmon today.
About Recipes for Kids With Celiac Disease
These recipes are especially for kids who need a gluten-free diet. Kids who need a gluten-free diet must avoid foods that contain gluten, which is a type of protein found in many foods.
About Recipes for Kids With Cystic Fibrosis
These high-calorie recipes are especially for kids with cystic fibrosis (CF). Kids with CF may need additional calories to meet their nutritional needs. Check out these delicious recipes.
About Recipes for Kids With Diabetes
These recipes were created for kids with diabetes, but can be enjoyed by anyone looking for nutritious meals and snacks.
About Recipes for Kids With Lactose Intolerance
These recipes are especially for kids with lactose intolerance. Kids with lactose intolerance often need to limit or avoid dairy products.
Strawberry Smoothie
This recipe is especially for kids with lactose intolerance, who need to limit or avoid dairy products.
Vegetarian Chili (Lactose Intolerance)
This recipe is especially for kids with lactose intolerance, who need to limit or avoid dairy products.
- Nutrition Q&A
Nutrition Q&A
Does Nonfat Milk Provide the Same Nutrients as Whole Milk?
Find out what the experts have to say.
How Can I Calculate Calories From Fat?
Find out what the experts have to say.
How Should I Deal With a Picky Eater?
Find out what the experts have to say.
My Toddler Hates Vegetables. What Can I Do?
Do your toddler's veggies end up on the floor or cold on the plate? Try these tips.
What Can Parents Do About Heavy Metals in Baby Food?
I've heard about heavy metals in baby food. How can I keep my baby safe?
What Is a BMI Report Card?
Find out what the experts have to say.
When Should Kids Switch to Nonfat Milk?
Find out what the experts have to say.
- Special Dietary Needs
Special Dietary Needs
3 Ways to Build Strong Bones
We build almost all our bone density when we're kids and teens. Kids with strong bones have a better chance of avoiding bone weakness later in life. Here's how parents can help.
Celiac Disease
Kids who have celiac disease, a disorder that makes their bodies react to gluten, can't eat certain kinds of foods. Find out more - including what foods are safe and where to find them.
Dietary Needs for Kids With Cerebral Palsy
Kids with cerebral palsy often have trouble eating. But with the right diet and feeding techniques, they can get the nutrients needed to thrive.
Dietary Tips for Kids With Cystic Fibrosis
Kids with cystic fibrosis have some special nutritional needs. Here's how parents can help them.
Eating During Pregnancy
To eat well during pregnancy, your extra calories should come from nutritious foods that contribute to your baby's growth and development.
Egg Allergy
Helping your child manage an egg allergy means reading food labels carefully, being aware of what he or she eats, and carrying the right medicines in case of an allergic reaction.
Feeding Your Child Athlete
All kids need to eat balanced meals and have a healthy diet. But should that balance change for kids who play on a sports team or work out?
Food Allergies
Food allergies can cause serious and even deadly reactions in kids, so it's important to know how to feed a child with food allergies and to prevent reactions.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common intestinal problem that can cause cramps, gas, bloating, diarrhea, and constipation. Certain foods can trigger these problems. So can anxiety, stress, and infections.
Ketogenic Diet
A ketogenic diet is a strict high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet that can reduce, and sometimes stop, seizures.
Milk Allergy in Infants
Almost all infants are fussy at times. But some are very fussy because they have an allergy to the protein in cow's milk, which is the basis for most commercial baby formulas.
Nut and Peanut Allergy
If your child is allergic to nuts or peanuts, it's essential to learn what foods might contain them and how to avoid them.
Nutrition Therapy and Crohn's Disease
Nutrition therapy is an alternative to medicines that doctors use to ease the symptoms of Crohn's disease. It can help improve nutrition and growth, ease inflammation, and heal the gastrointestinal tract.
Vegetarianism
Vegetarian diets have become more popular, and many parents may wonder if kids can safely follow a vegetarian diet and still get all the nutrients necessary for growing up healthy and strong.
- Staying Fit
Staying Fit
Coronavirus (COVID-19): Keeping Families Healthy
We're spending more time at home to help prevent the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19). Here are some tips to keep everyone active and eating well while you are at home.
Exercising During Pregnancy
Most women benefit greatly from exercising throughout their pregnancies. But during that time, you'll need to make a few changes to your normal exercise routine.
Fitness and Your 13- to 18-Year-Old
Kids who enjoy exercise tend to stay active throughout their lives. Learn how to encourage fitness in your teen.
Fitness and Your 2- to 3-Year-Old
Kids this age are naturally active, so be sure to provide lots of opportunities for your child to practice basic skills, such as running, kicking, and throwing.
Fitness and Your 3- to 5-Year-Old
Take advantage of your child's natural tendency to be active. Staying fit can help improve kids' self-esteem and decrease the risk of serious illnesses later in life.
Fitness and Your 6- to 12-Year-Old
School-age kids need physical activity to build strength, coordination, confidence, and to lay the groundwork for a healthy lifestyle.
Fitness for Kids Who Don't Like Sports
Some kids aren't natural athletes and they may say they just don't like sports. What then?
Kids and Exercise
Besides enjoying the health benefits of regular exercise, kids who are physically fit are better able to handle physical and emotional challenges.
Motivating Kids to Be Active
Parents can help instill a love of activity and help kids make it a part of their everyday routine.
Motivating Preschoolers to Be Active
A preschooler's desire to move, move, move makes this a great time to encourage fitness habits that can last a lifetime.
Motivating School-Age Kids to Be Active
Being active is a key component of good health for all school-age kids. So how do you get kids motivated to be active, especially those who aren't gifted athletes?
Nutrition & Fitness Center
You know the importance of exercising and eating nutritious foods, but do you know how to raise a healthy and active child? Get practical advice and tips.
Raising a Fit Preschooler
Preschoolers have a lot of energy, and the physical skills and coordination to ride a tricycle or chase a butterfly.
Safe Exploring for Preschoolers
Kids ages 3-5 have tons of energy and are eager to walk, run, dance, and play. It's a great age for exploration too.
Safe Exploring for Toddlers
Toddlers are learning to talk, to walk and run, and to assert their independence. For many in this age group, "outside" and "play" are common requests.
Signing Kids Up for Sports
Organized sports can help kids grow in many ways. Consider your child's age, personality, and abilities to help make sports fun.
Sportsmanship
One of the most important goals of kids' sports is helping children develop a sense of good sportsmanship. Here's how to set a good example for your kids.
Strength Training
With a properly designed and supervised program, strength training can be a fun way for kids to build healthy muscles, joints, and bones.
Toddlers at the Table: Avoiding Power Struggles
By anticipating problems and offering choices, you can teach your toddler healthy eating habits and avoid power struggles about food.
- Weight & Eating Problems
Weight & Eating Problems
A to Z: Failure to Thrive
Failure to thrive refers to a child's inability to gain weight and grow as expected for kids of the same age and gender. Most diagnoses are made in the first few years of life.
Binge Eating Disorder
Kids who eat unusually large amounts of food - and feel guilty or secretive about it - could be struggling with binge eating disorder.
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Doctors use body mass index (BMI) measurements to assess a child's physical growth in relation to other kids the same age. Here's how to calculate BMI and understand what the numbers mean.
Eating Disorders
Eating disorders are common among teens and kids, especially young women. Read about the warning signs, prevention strategies, and ways to help a child with an eating disorder.
Encouraging a Healthy Body Image
A healthy and positive body image means liking your body, appreciating it, and feeling grateful for its qualities and capabilities. Parents can help kids develop a healthy body image.
Failure to Thrive
Most kids grow well but some have ”failure to thrive.” This means they don't gain weight as expected and may not grow as tall as they should.
Lactose Intolerance
Many kids have lactose intolerance - trouble digesting lactose, the main sugar in milk and milk products - which can cause cramps, diarrhea, and gas.
Overweight and Obesity
Preventing kids from becoming overweight means making choices in the way your family eats and exercises, and how you spend time together.
Pica
Some young kids have the eating disorder pica, which is characterized by cravings to eat nonfood items.
Weight Loss Surgery
When diet and exercise aren't enough to help shed stubborn pounds, weight loss surgery may be an option for teens who are very overweight.
Your Child's Weight
"What's the right weight for my child?" is one of the most common questions parents have. It seems like a simple one, but it's not always easy to answer.
- Play & Learn Center Content List
- Fun & Games
Fun & Games
Fitness and Your 2- to 3-Year-Old
Kids this age are naturally active, so be sure to provide lots of opportunities for your child to practice basic skills, such as running, kicking, and throwing.
Learning, Play, and Your 1- to 2-Year-Old
Kids go from babies to toddlers during this time, from first steps to walking well. They also make major strides in language and communication.
Learning, Play, and Your 1- to 3-Month-Old
After learning to recognize your voice, your face, and your touch, your baby will start responding more to you during these months and even give you a smile!
Learning, Play, and Your 4- to 7-Month-Old
Your infant will learn to sit during this time, and in the next few months will begin exploring by reaching out for objects, grasping and inspecting them.
Learning, Play, and Your Newborn
Play is the primary way that infants learn how to move, communicate, socialize, and understand their surroundings. And during the first month of life, your baby will learn by interacting with you.
Motivating Kids to Be Active
Parents can help instill a love of activity and help kids make it a part of their everyday routine.
Motivating Preschoolers to Be Active
A preschooler's desire to move, move, move makes this a great time to encourage fitness habits that can last a lifetime.
Motivating School-Age Kids to Be Active
Being active is a key component of good health for all school-age kids. So how do you get kids motivated to be active, especially those who aren't gifted athletes?
Rainy Day Fun
Looking for ways to keep the kids entertained and off the couch when the weather's bad? These quick-and-easy ideas will keep them happy and busy.
Raising a Fit Preschooler
Preschoolers have a lot of energy, and the physical skills and coordination to ride a tricycle or chase a butterfly.
Safe Exploring for Toddlers
Toddlers are learning to talk, to walk and run, and to assert their independence. For many in this age group, "outside" and "play" are common requests.
Screen Time Guidelines for Babies and Toddlers
Not sure how much screen time is appropriate for your baby or toddler? Get advice here.
Screen Time Guidelines for Big Kids
Not sure how much screen time is appropriate for your big kid? Get advice here.
Screen Time Guidelines for Preschoolers
Not sure how much screen time is appropriate for your preschooler? Get advice here.
Screen Time Guidelines for Teens
Not sure how much screen time is appropriate for your teen? Get advice here.
The Magic of Play: How It Inspires & Aids Early Development
Learn why play is so important during the preschool years, and what you can do to foster your child's imagination.
Toddlers: Learning by Playing
It might look like just child's play, but toddlers are hard at work learning important physical skills as they gain muscle control, balance, and coordination.
- Play Q&A
- Story Time & Reading
Story Time & Reading
Creating a Reader-Friendly Home
A home filled with reading material is a good way to help kids become enthusiastic readers. Here are some ideas.
Everyday Reading Opportunities
Finding time to read is important to developing literacy skills. And there are many easy and convenient ways to make reading a part of every day.
Finding the Right Read
Books make great gifts for kids. Here's how to pick one to fit a child's interests, maturity, and reading level.
Helping Kids Enjoy Reading
For many kids, reading doesn't come easily. But these simple steps can help them become eager readers.
Raising a Summer Reader
Kids' reading skills don't have to grow cold once school's out. Here are some ways to make reading a natural part of their summer fun.
Reading Books to Babies
Reading aloud to your baby stimulates developing senses, and builds listening and memory skills that can help your baby grow up to be a reader.
Reading Milestones
This general outline describes the milestones on the road to reading and the ages at which most kids reach them.
Reading Resources
Regardless of your child's age or reading level, almost every community has programs and resources that are helpful.
School-Age Readers
From kindergarten through third grade, kids' ability to read will grow by leaps and bounds. Although teachers provide lots of help, parents continue to play a role in a child's reading life.
Story Time for Preschoolers
Reading aloud to your preschooler is a great way to encourage learning development and to help prepare your child for independent reading down the line.
Storytelling
Here are some tips for on-the-spot storytelling when you hear your child plead, "I'm bored! Please tell me a story."
Toddler Reading Time
Reading to toddlers lays the foundation for their independent reading later on. Here are some tips.
- Toy Safety
Toy Safety
Choosing Safe Baby Products: Toys
All toys you select for your baby or toddler should meet safety standards. These tips can help you find safe toys for your little one.
Choosing Safe Toys
Toys are a fun and important part of any child's development. And there's plenty you can do to make sure all toys are safe.
Choosing Safe Toys for School-Age Kids
Is your 10-year-old crying for a pellet gun? How about that used scooter? For help figuring out what toys are safe and appropriate for older kids, read these tips.
Choosing Safe Toys for Toddlers and Preschoolers
How can you tell if a small toy poses a choking risk? What types of unsafe toys should you avoid for your baby, toddler, or preschooler? Find out here.
- Fun & Games
- Pregnancy & Newborn Center Content List
- Calendar
Calendar
A Week-by-Week Pregnancy Calendar
Our week-by-week illustrated pregnancy calendar is a detailed guide to all the changes taking place in your baby - and in you!
Pregnancy Slideshow (Baby)
This week‑by‑week pregnancy calendar shows you some of the important developments taking place as your baby grows.
Pregnancy Slideshow (Mom & Baby)
Here's a peek at what's going on inside your body during the amazing 40 weeks of pregnancy. Watch your belly — and your baby — grow!
Week 1
Week 1 is actually your menstrual period, but because your due date is calculated from the first day of your last period, it counts as part of your 40-week pregnancy.
Week 10
At this point in the pregnancy, all vital organs have been formed and are starting to work together. Congenital abnormalities are unlikely to develop after week 10.
Week 11
If you saw a picture of your baby now, you'd think you had a genius on your hands — the baby's head accounts for about half of the body length!
Week 12
Tiny fingernails and toenails start to form this week, which is the last of your first trimester.
Week 13
As you begin the second trimester, your baby may be able to put a thumb in his or her mouth although the sucking muscles aren't completely developed yet.
Week 14
Some fine hairs, called lanugo, have developed on your baby's face. This soft colorless hair protects the skin and will eventually cover most of your baby's body until it is shed just before delivery.
Week 15
Muscle development continues, and your baby is probably making lots of movements with his or her head, mouth, arms, wrists, hands, legs, and feet.
Week 16
Your baby can hold his or her head erect, and facial muscles now allow for a variety of expressions, such as squinting and frowning.
Week 17
Your baby is still very tiny at about 5.1 inches from crown to rump this week.
Week 18
Your baby's bones had been developing but were still soft. This week, they begin to harden, or ossify.
Week 19
A waxy substance called vernix caseosa is covering your baby to help protect the delicate skin from becoming chapped or scratched.
Week 2
Week 2 is the midpoint of a typical menstrual cycle, when ovulation occurs and conditions are most favorable for fertilization of an egg by sperm.
Week 20
You're now halfway through your pregnancy and possibly feeling your baby's first movements, which may begin between weeks 18 and 20.
Week 21
Your baby's intestines are developed enough that small amounts of sugars are absorbed from the fluid your baby swallows and passed through the digestive system to the large bowel.
Week 22
Brain and nerve endings are formed enough so that the fetus can feel touch, while you might be feeling irregular, painless Braxton Hicks contractions.
Week 23
You may feel more forceful movements — your baby's daily workout routine includes moving the muscles in the fingers, toes, arms, and legs.
Week 24
Your baby's inner ear has developed enough that your baby can know when he or she is upside down or right side up in your belly.
Week 25
You may notice that your baby has resting and alert periods. Your baby's hearing has continued to develop, too — he or she may now be able to hear your voice!
Week 26
Your baby now weighs a little less than 2 pounds and will gain weight steadily until birth.
Week 27
This first week of the third trimester, your baby looks similar to what he or she will look like at birth - just smaller and thinner.
Week 28
Your health care provider may tell you whether your baby is headfirst or feet- or bottom-first (called breech position). Don't worry if your baby is in the breech position right now — most babies will switch positions on their own.
Week 29
Your active baby's first few flutters of movement have given way to hard jabs and kicks that may take your breath away.
Week 3
During this week, the rapidly dividing fertilized egg will implant itself in the uterus, at the site that eventually will become the placenta.
Week 30
Your baby continues to gain weight and layers of fat that will provide warmth after birth.
Week 31
By now, the milk glands in your breasts may have started to make colostrum, the milk that will feed the baby in the first few days if you decide to breastfeed.
Week 32
At this stage in the pregnancy, your baby's hair is developing, in the form of eyelashes, eyebrows, and on your baby's head.
Week 33
Like a newborn, your baby sleeps much of the time and even has REM sleep, the stage when our most vivid dreams happen.
Week 34
Your baby is probably in position for delivery — your health care provider can tell you if your baby is positioned head- or bottom-first.
Week 35
Because of increasing size, your baby is now cramped and restricted inside the uterus. Fetal movements may decrease, but feel stronger and more forceful.
Week 36
At this point, your appetite may return because the baby has dropped down into your pelvis, and is no longer putting as much pressure on your stomach and intestines.
Week 37
This week, your baby continues to gain weight — at half an ounce a day!
Week 38
At this point, you may be taking frequent trips to the bathroom. That's because your baby is engaged in your pelvis, so your bladder is extremely compressed.
Week 39
Braxton Hicks contractions (also called "false labor") may become more pronounced, and your water may break.
Week 4
During this week, your baby, or embryo, has two layers of cells that will develop into organs and body parts.
Week 40
Your baby is here! Or maybe not — most women, especially first-time moms, don't deliver on their estimated due dates.
Week 5
This week, the embryo begins to form a distinct shape that includes the neural tube, which will become the spinal cord and brain.
Week 6
Your baby's heart will begin to beat around this time, and the beginnings of the digestive and respiratory systems are forming, as are small buds that will grow into arms and legs.
Week 7
The umbilical cord has formed, and the mouth, nostrils, ears, and eyes are some of the facial features that become more defined this week. The arm bud now has a hand on the end of it, which looks like a tiny paddle.
Week 8
Around this time, symptoms such as a missed period, nausea, extreme fatigue, or tight clothes may make the reality of pregnancy hit home.
Week 9
Your baby measures about 0.6 to 0.7 inches from crown to rump and weighs around 0.1 ounces. Your baby may make some first movements as muscles develop, but you won't feel them for several more weeks.
- Childbirth
Childbirth
Are You in Labor?
Here's how to tell the difference between true labor and false labor -- and when to get medical care.
Birth Plans
The reality of labor and birth may seem extremely far off - but now's the time to start planning for your baby by creating a birth plan that details your wishes.
Birthing Centers and Hospital Maternity Services
Where you choose to give birth is an important decision. Is a hospital or a birth center right for you? Knowing the facts can help you make your decision.
Cesarean Sections (C-Sections)
Many babies are delivered via cesarean sections. Learn why and how C-sections are done.
Choking
Choking is an emergency - so it's important to recognize the signs of choking and know what to do if happens.
Cord Blood Banking
Should you bank your newborn's cord blood? This article can help you decide.
Dealing With Pain During Childbirth
Learning all you can about childbirth pain is one of the best ways to help you deal with it when the time comes.
Epidurals
Epidurals can make giving birth more calm, controlled, and comfortable. Find out more.
Inducing Labor
Find out why doctors may induce labor if you're past your due date, how it may be done, and how it may affect you and your baby.
Looking at Your Newborn: What's Normal
When you first meet your newborn, you may be surprised by what you see. Here's what to expect.
Natural Childbirth
Some women choose to give birth using no medications at all, relying instead on relaxation techniques and controlled breathing for pain. Get more information on natural childbirth.
Newborn Brachial Plexus Injuries
During childbirth, a brachial plexus injury can happen if the baby's neck is stretched to one side.
Recovering From Delivery
After giving birth, you'll notice you've changed somewhat - both physically and emotionally. Here's what to expect after labor and delivery.
The First Day of Life
Your baby's here! Find out what to expect on that special day first day of life.
Treatments to Prevent Premature Birth
Some women are more likely than others to go into labor early. Find out what doctors can do to help prevent or delay early labor.
Why Are Babies Born Early?
Many things can cause a baby to be born early or with health problems. Some of these things can be controlled, but others can’t. Find out what you can do to have a healthy pregnancy.
- Newborn Care
Newborn Care
A Guide for First-Time Parents
If you're a first-time parent, put your fears aside and get the basics in this guide about burping, bathing, bonding, and other baby-care concerns.
Bed-Sharing
Bed-sharing increases the risk of sleep-related deaths, including SIDS. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends room-sharing without bed-sharing for the safest sleep environment.
Bonding With Your Baby
Bonding, the intense attachment that develops between you and your baby, is completely natural. And it's probably one of the most pleasurable aspects of infant care.
Booster Seat Safety
Your tot's not a baby anymore! It's time for a big-kid booster seat. But how can you ensure that your child is still safe and secure in the car? Find out here.
Breastfeeding FAQs: Getting Started
Here are answers to common questions about getting started with breastfeeding.
Breastfeeding FAQs: How Much and How Often
Here's info about how often to breastfeed your baby, how long it takes to nurse, and much more.
Breastfeeding FAQs: Out and About
Here are answers to some common questions about going out in public as a breastfeeding mom - from how to do it discreetly to taming sneaky leaks.
Breastfeeding FAQs: Pain and Discomfort
Here are answers to some common questions about preventing and reducing breastfeeding discomfort, such as nipple and breast pain.
Breastfeeding FAQs: Pumping
Here are answers to some common questions about pumping your breast milk - from buying a pump to making the process a little easier.
Breastfeeding FAQs: Safely Storing Breast Milk
Here are answers to some common questions about how to keep breast milk and how to clean and sterilize supplies, from bottles to nipples to breast pump parts.
Breastfeeding FAQs: Sleep - Yours and Your Baby's
Here are answers to some common questions about breastfed babies and sleep - from where they should snooze to when they'll finally start sleeping through the night.
Breastfeeding FAQs: Solids and Supplementing
Here are answers to some common supplemental feeding questions - from when to introduce solids to offering breastfed babies formula.
Breastfeeding FAQs: Some Common Concerns
Here are answers to some questions about common breastfeeding concerns - from biting to spitting up.
Breastfeeding FAQs: Supply and Demand
Here are answers to some common questions about your milk supply - from having too much to having too little.
Breastfeeding FAQs: Your Eating and Drinking Habits
Here are answers to some common questions about what breastfeeding mothers should and shouldn't eat and drink.
Breastfeeding vs. Formula Feeding
Making a decision to breastfeed or formula feed your baby is a personal one. There are some points to consider to help you decide which option is best for you and your baby.
Bringing Your Baby Home
Whether your baby comes home from the hospital right away, arrives later, or comes through an adoption agency, homecoming is a major event.
Burping Your Baby
Here's a quick guide to an important part of feeding a baby - burping.
Can I Feed My Baby Honey?
Find out what the experts have to say.
Car Seat Safety
What's the right way to install an infant safety seat? Is your toddler ready for a convertible seat? Get the car seat know-how you need here.
Choking
Choking is an emergency - so it's important to recognize the signs of choking and know what to do if happen
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